DUSSELDORF, Germany, city, the capital of the government of the same name, in the Rhenish province; on the Rhine, here crossed by a bridge of boats, and on the railroad from Elberfeld, 24 miles north by west of Cologne by rail. It consists of the old town in the north, 'Carlstadt, the new town, and Friedrichstadt in the south, with the suburbs of Derendorf, Oberbilk, Unterbilk and other small places. The chief public squares are the Cor neliusplatz, with a fountain and a statue of Cornelius; Schadowplatz, with a monument of Schadow • the market-place, with an equestrian statue of the Elector Johann Wilhelm; and the Burgplatz, with the tower of the castle which was founded in 1710 and burned down in 1872. In 1896 a bronze equestrian statue of the Emperor William I was unveiled. The prin cipal churches are Saint Lambert's, a 14th cen tury Gothic building, near the Rhine, adorned with marble monuments of Wilhelm IV and Johann Wilhelm, the last two dukes of Cleves and Berg; and Saint Andrew's, completed in 1629. Other buildings are the Academy, a mod ern building in the Renaissance style; the court house, with Schadow's last oil-paintings; and a building of the 16th century, also with fine paint ings. The Academy of Art was founded 1767 by the Elector Theodore, remodeled in 1821 and afterward directed by Cornelius and Schadow. This city has the honor of having founded a school of painting, which takes the name of Dusseldorf. While without the tradi tions of cities like Cologne, Frankfort and Aix-la-Chapelle, not so distant, this metropolis of the lower Rhine, situated on both of its banks, has a fame of its own in history, com merce, art, industry and education. Its name is derived from the brook Diissel which flows into the Rhine. More than 1,000 years old, it was for centuries the residence of the counts, later the dukes of Berg, then the electors of the Pfalz, and finally the grand duchy of Berg, created by Napoleon, until taken by Prussia on 3 May 1815. It owes to its electors its early fondness for art and later its Academy of Arts, which has richly developed within recent decades, containing, in 1910, 14,000 original paintings, 24p00 engravings, 248 water colors copying Italian originals. The expansion of German industry under the empire has had a marked influence on its commerce and trade. In 1850 the population was 40,000; in 1900, 210,000; 1914, 400,000. Its area is about half as large again as Paris. Within a circle of 50 kilometres are three and one-half millions of people. In 1883 the Dusseldorf State Railway stations sold 600,000 tickets; in 1911, 5,900,000.
In 1883 the goods traffic reached 500,000 tons; in 1911, 1,700,000. In 1882 were 8,000 shops with 26,000 employees; in 1914 20,000 shops with 130,000 employees. Of the city's indus tries in iron and steel manufactures 1,000 works are busy, employing a third of the popu lation. In the machine industry 150,000 are engaged in all its ramifications. Its gun foundry has 5,000 workers. The city delivers half the gas pipes and one-third of the boiler tubes of Germany. In 1907 in the older Dart of Dusseldorf were 21 rolling mills and forges, 27 iron foundries and enamel works and 3 tin plate works. Here too scientific and musical instruments are made, gold and silver articles, wire and safes. Here too are textiles manu factured — spinning, weaving, dyeing. There are 10 paper and pasteboard factories; the booktrade is powerfully represented with book binding and artistic painting. The chemical industry has 50 works, with glass, porcelain, fire-clay and cement. Artistic carpentry has its many lines of work. The exhibitions of art and industry, which date from 1811, have greatly promoted the city's prosperity, with its vast wholesale business in ironware, chemical prod ucts, technical requisites, groceries, oils, grain and wood. The export trade has direct rela tions with the Mediterranean, with Russia and the, Atlantic ports. No less rapidly has de veloped the banking and credit business. The Dusseldorf Exchange was founded in 1884. The State Railways have 6 passenger and 11 freight stations. The spacious city harbor on the right bank has five basins and an extended. water front,— in the service of its commerce are 50 electric traveling cranes with a 20-ton capacity and 5 grain elevators. There is regular direct steamship connection with the upper Rhine and the chief foreign ports. Leaving its commerce and trade, of what else can Dusseldorf boast? Here Heine was born in 1797. The .old house where he was born on the Bolkerstrasse has been torn down and replaced by a more modern structure, but the site still attracts visitors who throng in greater numbers to the Academy of Arts and the Art Gallery with their superb treasures and memories of Cornelius, Schadow and Bendemann, as well as the Museum of Art and Trade and the School of Industrial Arts. Then come the theatres with their varied attrac tions. Diisseldorf is famous also for its musical gatherings, to which the best soloists of the world find their way. The Conservatoire and College for Music Teachers are among the most famous in Europe.