Another New England College for Women receiving its charter since 1910 is Wheaton Col lege, formerly Wheaton Seminary.
The Women's College Affiliated with the The college for women affiliated with the university, although the latest develop ment, holds a place midway between the college on a separate foundation and coeducation.
The first to be established (1886) was the H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for Women,• affiliated with Tulane University in New Orleans. Under the same board of trus tees as the university, its buildings are in a different part of the city, its productive funds are in part separate, and it has a distinct fac ulty, including the president. The graduate de partment of the university has been entirely open to women since 1890.
The Women's College of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, is the outgrowth of an informal system of coeducation, established at Adelbert College, the undergraduate department of the university, in 1872. Sixteen years later women were excluded from Adelbert College, and provision made for them by the establish ment of the Women's College. The fine build ings of the college, although separate, are near the other university buildings, and some of the laboratories of the men's college are open to women. The faculty, with the exception of the president, is distinct, but the university con fers the degrees and opens all its graduate work to women.
Barnard College, affiliated with Columbia University, was opened in 1889, although 10 years before that President Barnard had urged the adoption of coeducation at Columbia Col lege. As a result of his efforts and of a large popular petition in 1883, asking for the admis sion of women to Columbia College on the same terms as men, a system was inaugurated known as the "Collegiate Course for Women,* which proposed to grant degrees to those who passed the college examination, but made no provision for instruction. The unsatisfactory character of this arrangement led to the establishment of the college, which, with a separate charter and an administrative autonomy, received Columbia degrees, took the university examinations and had university instructors, or those approved by the president. In 1900 another change was made by which Barnard bears the same relation to Columbia University as Columbia College, having its own faculty, endowments, and examinations, but receiving the university degree and being represented on the university council.
In 1891 the corporation of Brown Univer sity voted to admit women to the university examinations; but made no provision for in struction and took no action concerning the conferring of degrees. Unofficial instruction,
however, was given by some of the faculty of the university during the first year and at least one woman was admitted to the regular class room, a beginning which resulted in a vote of the corporation in June 1892 opening the de grees and all graduate courses to women. At the beginning of the second year a dean was appointed and a building for recitation purposes secured, where regular undergraduate classes were conducted by members of the university staff under the name of "The Women's College in connection with Brown University.) The numbers had largely increased and four classes were graduated before the corporation formally recognized the college, by constituting it in 1897 a department of the university. The affil iation is a close one, since the faculty is com posed of members of the university faculty, and the requirements, courses, examinations, and degrees are the same, thus carrying out the plan of the founder, President Andrews, who designed it not as an but as "part and parcel) of the university.
Radcliffe College, in affiliation with Harvard University, although of the five colleges of this class, the last chartered to confer degrees (1894), was one of the first to make some provision other than coeducation for the admission of women to university privileges. Following the precedent of the English universities at Cam bridge and Oxford, in 1879 the "Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women) was organ ize• in Cambridge, Mass., "for the purpose of providing systematic instruction for women by professors and other instructors in Harvard The students who completed the course received not a degree, but a certificate stating that the holder "had pursued a course of study equivalent in amount and quality to that for which the degree of Bachelor of Arts is conferred in Harvard College, and has passed in a satisfactory manner examinations on that course corresponding to the college examina tions.) There was no official relation with the university until 1894, when the society commonly known as "Harvard Annex,' was incorporated as Radcliffe College and authorized to confer Bachelor's and Master's degrees, subject to the approval of the president and fellows of Har vard College. The president and fellows con stitute the Board of Visitors having the general administration of the college, but the imme diate government is in the hands of a council and an academic board, chosen mainly by the associates, who form the corporation. Thus its management is, in general, distinct from that of Harvard, although its instructors are entirely from the university staff.