HYDRAULIC ENGINES, are all kinds of machines which either receive motion from the weight or impulse of water, or are employed in raising it ; but the term is sometimes used to denote a machine which in its general con struction resembles a steam engine, but the piston of which is impelled by the pressure of a column or head of water. The annexed figure is a representation of a statical hydraulic engine erected by Mr. Manwaring, at Messrs. Cook & Co.'s Alum Works, near Whitby. A is the pipe by which the supply of water is brought from a head 170 feet above the engine; B is a vessel containing air, the continual elastic pressure of which prevents the blow that would otherwise be occasioned by the descent of the water ; c is a throttle valve ; d d is a hollow open cylinder, working within an exterior one, and closely applied to that cylinder, at the parts e e e e, but elsewhere leaving a vacant space between the two cylinders for the reception of the water; h h are packings, in order to prevent the escape of the water between the two cylinders; and i i are adjust mg screws, to tighten the packing in proportion as it is worn away ; f fare two passages that lead into the upper and lower ends of the pipe g, in which the piston w works. When the cylinder d d is in the position represented in the cut, the communication is open by means of the upper pipe j, for the water to flow into the pipe g above the piston w; at the same time the passage is open for the water in the cylinder g, below the piston, to flow out through the lower pipe f and through the lower part of the open cylinder d, into the pipe x, which is some what more than 30 feet long, and terminates in a cistern of water. There is there fore, above the piston to, a hydrostatic pressure equal to 170 feet of water, and below it a partial vacuum ; the piston consequently descends to the bottom of the pipe g. By the time that it has arrived in this position the cylinder d will also have descended so far as to have opened the communication between the entering water and the lower pipe f, and to have shut off its communication with the upper pipe f; the hydrostatic pressure is therefore transferred to the under part of the piston, which consequently rises, while the water above the piston pours into the top of the cylinder d, and escapes through the pipe z. The alternate motion of the slide or cylinder d is thus effected. The rod of
the piston pp is attached at its to to one end of the beam ; at the other end of the beam is a rod, terminating below in the crank m ; the oscillating motion of this crank is transferred, by means of the connecting bar l to the axis k, on which is placed the curved tooth or cam a; the latter is enclosed within the rectangular frame (or cam box) j, and, being movable in a horizontal position, is consequently made to perform a backward and forward motion, by the cam passing first on one and then on the other side of the box. To the outside of the box are fixed two guide bars, supported on thin bearings o o, the con necting rod p at one end to the guide bar, and at the other end to the arm q of a bent lever, having for its fulcrum the pivot r; the other end of the lever is forked, and embraces the pipe x; one of these forks a is connected with the lower end of the upright rod t, and the other fork is connected with a similar rod. These rods are fastened at top to the two ends of a cross bar, to the middle of which is fixed the rod u, which works in the stuffing box a, and gives motion to the slide d The slide remains stationary nearly half a stroke of the piston, in order to allow the water to act with its full force; and this is effected by its being necessary for the cam, after it has moved the box in one direction, to per form about a quarter of a revolution before it can act on the opposite side of the box. The reason for making f as large as represented, is to diminish as much as possible the :he water, which otherwise would retard the motion of the piston. Engines upon the principle of the above have been long known, and some were erected in Cornwall more than sixty years ago. Some of the earlier attempts to construct hydraulic engines upon the principle of the steam engine failed, because water, not being elastic, could not be made to carry the piston onwards a little, so as to close one set of valves, and open the other. In an engine erected by Mr. Trevethick, about thirty years ago, a tumbler connected with the valve gear performs the office instead of the expansive force of the steam at the end of the stroke. This is now, how ever, much better effected by the introduction of an air vessel similar to that shown in Mr. Manwaring's engine, which has besides, the effect of preventing a concussion at the end of each stroke.