The name of this species in the ancient Ethiopic or Gees, the learned language of the Abyssinians, is Tot or Tote. The figure of this animal in a sitting posture is common upon the ancient monuments of Egypt and Nubia; small metal images of it have been dug up among the ruins of Memphis and Hermopohis, and mummies containing the embalmed body of the animal are still found among the catacombs. Strabo indeed ( p. 812 ), in mentioning Herinopolis as the centre of the adoration paid to the Cynocephalus, says that the Babylonians in the vicinity of Memphis paid divine honours to the Cepus: yet though the geographer makes use of very different names, and though these in reality apply to very different animals, there is good reason to believe that they both refer in the present instance to the same species ; no qundrumanous animal is ever found represented upon the sacred monuments of ancient Egypt except the Baboon nor have the images of any other species ever been dug up in searching for antiquities. One or two instances, indeed, occur in the representations of profane subjects, such as the procession of a returning conqueror, in which Monkeys ( Cercopitheci ) are introduced, as for instance the painting discovered at Thebes by the late Mr. Salt and represented by Minutola (tab. xii., fig. 9), in which a monkey is represented riding on the neck of a cameleopard ; but this was manifestly intended merely to fix the locality of the country or people whose subjection the triumph was meant to commemorate, and by no means indicates a participation in the divine honours which were paid to the baboon. Neither does the female over appear to be represented as an object of worship ; all the figures and images seem to be those of melee, as is proved by the mane which coven; the neck and shoulders, and which gives a fullness to the fore part of the body in this sex which is wanting in the other.
3. C. papio ( Desnuireat ), the Common Baboon, is of a uniform yellowish-brown colour, slightly shaded with sandy or light red upon the head, shoulders, body, and extremities ; the whiskers alone are of a light fawn-colour ; the face, ears, and hands are naked and entirely black, the upper eyelids white and also naked, and the tail about half the length of the body, but not terminated by the tuft which distinguishes it In the last two species. The hair of the occiput and neck is rather longer than that on the neck and shoulders, but is neither so long nor so thick as to give it any resemblance to the mane of the Churn!' or Herring ; neither is the face of the present species so much prolonged as in these two animals ; the nose however is advanced rather beyond the extremity of the lips, and has the nostrils opening as in the other baboons; the cheeks are considerably swollen immediately below the eyes, after which the breadth of the face contracts suddenly, giving the muzzle or nese the appearance of having been broken in that situation by a heavy blow. The whiskers are not so thickly furnished as in the species already described ; they are however equally directed backwards, but do not conceal the ears, which are black, naked, and less regularly oval than in man and the generality of the Slink. The under parts of the body, the breast, belly, abdomen, and inner face of the arms and thighs, are very sparingly furnished with long hairs of a uniform brown colour. The
females and young differ in no other respect from the adult males, except in being of a lighter and more active make.
This species inhabits the coast of Guinea, and is that most commmonly seen about the streets, and in menageries and museums. In youth it is gentle, curious, gluttonous, and incessantly in motion, smacking its lips quickly, and chattering when it wishes to beg contri butions from its visitors, and screaming loudly when refused or tantalised. As it grows older however it ceases to be familiar, and assumes all the morose look and repulsive manners which characterise the baboons in general. The specimen observed by Buffon was full grown, and exhibited all the ferocity of disposition and intractability of nature common to the rest of its kind. "It was not," says he, "altogether hideous, and yet it excited horror. It appeared to be continually in a state of savage ferocity, grinding its teeth, perpetually restless, and agitated by unprovoked fury. It was obliged to be kept shut up in an iron cage, of which it shook the bars so powerfully with its hands as to inspire the spectators with apprehension. It was a stout-built animal, whose nervous limbs and compressed form indicated great force and agility ; and though the length and thickness of its shaggy coat made it appear to be much larger than it was in reality, it was nevertheless so strong and active that it might have readily worsted the attacks of several unarmed men." 4. C. Mormon and C. Maimon( Linnaeus ), the Mandrill, is the largest of the whole genus, and may be readily distinguished from all the other baboons by the enormous protuberance of its cheeks, and the bright and variegated colours which mark them, as well as by its short upright tail. The full-grown Jlandrill measures above 5 feet when philosopher has been generally identified with the Common Baboon or the Derrias ; but neither of these species possesses any character which justifies that supposition ; and besides, the Derrias is indisputably allowed to be the species designated by the much more appropriate name of Cynocephalus (novonioaAos). Nor does the Mandrill differ much in its general form and appearance from the Pithccus of Aristotle, which was the common Magot or Barbary Ape (Macacus inuus): there is no very great difference in the size of these animals, their colour is very nearly the same, both are equally remarkable for the powerful make of their bodies, and the sinewy character of their short stout limbs ; and in fact the only striking difference which exists between them is the prolonged, truncated, swinish snout of the one, and the round head and short face of the other. Thus we can very satisfac torily account for both members of the compound name employed by Aristotle ; nor can an objection be fairly taken to the approximation which we have here made of his Chceropithecus to the Mandrill of Guinea, on account of the extremely limited knowledge which the ancient Greeks possessed of the western coasts of Africa ; since we know that they were well acquainted with other animals from the same or even a more remote locality ; such, for instance, as the Gnu (Anlilope Gnu), which is clearly the Catoblepas of ancient writers, and the Pecasse or buffalo of the Gold Coast.