* LUDWIG (or LOUIS) 1., KARL AUGUST, King of Bavaria, was born August 25, 1786, the son of his King Maxi milian Joseph. He studied at the universities of Landshut and Gottingen, and served in the campaign against Austria, in the Tyrol, in 1809, but took no part .in the subsequent war on account of weak bodily health. In 1810 he married the Princess Therese of Saxe Hildburghausen, who died in 1854. As crown prince he took little part in state-affairs, but lived in comparative retirement, and on an economic scale, which enabled him to devote much of his iucomo to tlfe development of his favourite plans for the encouragement of the fine arts, particularly architecture. He built the Glyptothek for the reception of his art treasures ; and on ascending the throne in 1825, he carried his principles of economy into the management of state affairs and introduced many reforms. The commercial laws were simplified, and the restrictions on the press made less stringent. His taste for the arts had also now a wider scope given to it : he invited men eminent for their learning or artistic talents to Munich, removed the University of Landshut to Munich, and reorganised the Academy of Arts. Among the artists were Klenze GOrtner, Cornelius, Schnorr, Schwanthaler, Kaulbach, and others. Many magnificent works were undertaken, among them the Pivakothek, the Odeon, the the royal a new street, the Linden-strasse, and several churches (particularly the Allerheiligen Kapelle) in Munich ; the 1Valballa, near Ilatisbon, and the Ludwigs-canal. Hie desire was to have speci mens of every kind of architecture, but though many of the buildings are noble examples, the aim at variety has not been successful. All the buildings have been enriched and adorned by the sculptors and painters he had collected around him : aud it is not too much to say that the comparatively lost arts of fresco and encaustic painting were re discovered and perfected through hie very liberal patronage, while that of painting on glass was very greatly improved. But not only did
he thus win the title of the most munificent patron of art among modern sovereigns, but his example excited a general feeling of emulation throughout Germany, and the influence of the Munich school of art was felt throughout Europe. He also figured as a poet, publishing his collected works in 3 vole. 1839, which, though not invariably adhering to the rules of art, bear testimonies of good feeling and some poetic talent. The first years of his reign thus gave great hopes to his subjects, and the attention of all Germany was directed towards him, but, later on, his extravagant zeal for the restoration of conventual establishments, and the part he took in the political affairs in Europe, as well as an attachment he had formed for the celebrated Lola Monter, whom he endeavoured to create a counters, considerably lessened the attachment of hla subjects towards him. Consequently on the occurrence of the French revolution in February 1S48, is movement of a similar character took place in Munich in March. The people captured the arsenal, and demanded extensive reforms. The reforms were promised, and as a first step Lola Mentes was sent away. She however was brought back, when the people became frantic. He was forced to cancel her letters of naturalieation, and to give orders for her apprehension. On the 21st of March be abdicated in favour of his son, Maximilian IL, the present king. Ludwig has since lived principally in Belgium.