Lucius Cary Falkland
Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, Was The Eldest Eou Of The Preceding, And Born In 1610. From 1622 Till 1629, During Which Time His Father Was Lord-deputy Of Ireland, He Was Educated At Triuity College, Dublin : But Afterwards At St. John's College, Cam Bridge. Before He Was Of Age Ile ...
Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Cinna, Lu'cius Corne'lius, A Patrician, Who Belonged To The Party Of Marina. In B.c. 86 Be Obtained The Consulship With Octavius, Who Made A Strenuous Opposition To His Proposal For Recalling Marius And His Party From Banishment. A Dispnte Followed Between The Consuls, Which Was Attended With Bloodshed. Cinna, Unable ...
Lucius Cowsiodus
Cowsiodus, Lucius Selitis Aurelius, Son Of Marcus Aurelius And Of His Wife Faustioa, Was Born A.d. 161. At The Age Of Sixteen He Accompanied His Father In His Journey To Syria, Which Had Been Disturbed By The Revolt Of Avidius Cassius. On His Return To Rome, Commack. Obtained His First ...
Lucius Florus
Florus, Lucius Ann/eus, A Native Of Spain, Or, According To Others, Of Gaul, Lived Under Trajan And Hadrian. Some Have Sup Posed Him To Be The Same Ae Lucius Julius Florus, Who Lived Under Augustus, And To Whom Horace Has Addressed Two Of His Epistles; But As, In The Proemium ...
Lucius Licfnius Lucullus
Lucullus, Lu'cius Licfnius, Descended From A Distinguished Roman Family, Was Born About B.c. 115, And Served Under Sulla In The Marsian War. Sulla Had A Very High Opinion Of The Talents And Integrity Of Lucullus, And Employed Him, Though He Was Very Young, In Many Important Enterprises. Whilst Sulla Was ...
Lucretius
Lucre'tius, With His Full Name Titus Lucretius Carus, Was Born B.c. 95, And Died B.c. 52, In The Forty-fourth Year Of His Age. We Possess No Particulars Respecting His Life, But He Appears To Have Been Born At Rome, Was Probably Of Equestrian Rank, And Is Said To Have Put ...
Luder Luther
Luther, Luder, Or Lother, Martin, Born At Eislobcn In Saxony, In November 1483, Was The Son Of Hans Luther, A Miner And A Worker In Metals, Who Was A Native Of Eisenach. Young Martin Was First Sent To The School Of Eisenach, Where Be Spent Four Years, And In 1501 ...
Ludolf Kuster
Kuster, Ludolf, Was Born In 1670, At Blomberg In Westphalia. He Studied At Berlin, And Afterwards Visited Various Parts Of Europe, Where He Became Connected With The Principal Scholars Of His Age. In 1696 He Published A Critical Dissertation On The History Of Homer And His Works, Historia Critics Homed,' ...
Ludovico Cardi Da Cigoli
Ci'goli, Ludovico Cardi Da, Cavaliere, A Very Celebrated Florentine Painter, Was Born At Cigoli In 1559. He Was One Of The Great Reformers Of Style Of The Florentine School, And One Of Those Masters Whose Works Formed An Epoch In The History Of Painting In Tuscany. Cigoli Was The First ...
Ludwig
* Ludwig (or Louis) 1., Karl August, King Of Bavaria, Was Born August 25, 1786, The Son Of His King Maxi Milian Joseph. He Studied At The Universities Of Landshut And Gottingen, And Served In The Campaign Against Austria, In The Tyrol, In 1809, But Took No Part .in The ...
Luigi Cagnola
Cagno'la, Luigi, Marquis, One Of The Most Distinguished Italian Architects Of The Present Century, Was Born At Milan In 1762, Of An Ancient Patrician Family. At The Age Of Fourteen, Luigi Was Sent By His Father, The Marchese Gaetano Cagnola, To The Clementine College At Rome, And Thence In 1781 ...
Luigi Cammica
Cam:mica, Luigi, One Of The Most Eminent Of Cegnola's Con Temporaries [caexobaj, Was Born At Milan In 1792. Lie Executed Many Public And Private Buildings At Milan ; Among The Most Celebrated Of These And That Which Is The Most Remarkable For Its Purpose And Character, Is The So-called Arena, ...
Luigi Cornaro
Corna'ro, Luigi, A Venetian Nobleman, Celebrated For The Successful Care He Took Of His Health, By Means Of Diet, Was Born About 146s. He Was Originally Of A Weak Constitution, And By The Time He Had Attained Mature 'nunhood His Intemperate Indulgence In Eating, Drinking, And Other Pleasures, Had Brought ...
Luigi Lanzi
Lanzi, Luigi, An Eminent Modern Italian Archeologist And Writer On Art, Was Born In The Marca D'aneona, On The 14th Of June 1732. After Receiving An Excellent Education At Home, He Entered The Order Of The Jesuits At The Ago Of Seventeen, And As Soon As He Had Completed His ...
Lunacy
Lunacy. Uusoundneee Of Mind Is Perhaps The Most Accurate Defi Nition Of The Present Legal Meaning Of This Term That Can Bo Given. Formerly A Distinction Was Made Between Lunatics And Idiots : A Luna Tio Being Described An One Who Has Had Understanding, But From Some Cause Has Lust ...
Lunar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse. The Phenomenon Of A Lunar Eclipse Is Occa Sioned By The Passage Of The Moon Through The Earth's Shadow, And The Consequent Interception Of A Portion Of The Solar Light Which Usually Falls Upon The Moon's Surface. In The Annexed Figure, Let A Represent A Section Of The ...
Lunatic Asylums
Lunatic Asylums. In Every Civilised Country The Necessity Of At Least Guarding Against Any Calamitous Result From The Loss Of Reason In Any Of The Members Of Society, Must Have Been A Serious Consider Ation. In The East, Idiots Or Harmless Lunatics Are Considered As Holy, And Are Usually Provided ...
Lunette
Lunette, In Fortifiestion, Is A Work Similar To A Ravelin, Or Demi• Lune, But Generally Of Smaller Dimemdons. Such Works Have Beer Placed In The Retired Angles Between The Ditches Of A Bastion And Of The Collateral Ravelin, But They Are Now Usually Considered As Advanced Works, And Are Placed ...
Lustrum
Lustrum Was The Name Applied To A Period Of Five Solar Years Among The Romans, And The Termination Of This Period Was Generally Marked By Great Religious Solemnities. A Purifying Sacrifice, Called Suovetaurilia, Was Usually Offered At This Time By One Of The Censors In The Campus Martins (liv., I. ...
Lute
Lute, A Musical Stringed Instrument With Frets, One Of The Numerous Varieties Of The Ancient Cithars. Until Towards The End Of The 17th Cen Tarry Its Practice Formed An Essential Part Of A Good Education, But It Bas Awe Bees Partially Guperweled By The Guitar: Neverthelega, The Salaried Ogee Of ...
Lute Us Jun1us Moderatus
Columella, Lute Us Ju'n1us Modera'tus, The Author Of One Of The Most Voluminous And Valuable Works Ou Roman Agriculture, If Not Himself A Native Of Gadee (cadiz), Sprung From A Family Belonging To That Town, Which Bad Been Long Most Intimately Connected With Rome. In Several Parts Of His Work ...
Lutes
Lutes, In Chemistry, Are Substances Employed In Various Operations For Closing The Joints Of Apparatus, And Especially For Connecting Retorts. And Receivers, So As To Prevent The Escape Either Of The Vapour Or Gases Generated During Distillation Or Sublimation. The Term Lute Is Also Applied To The External Coating Of ...
Lycophron
Ly'cophron, A Native Of Chalcis In Eubcea, The Son Of Bodes, And Adopted By The Historian Lycus Of Rhegium, Was A Distinguished Poet And Grammarian St The Court Of Ptolemy Philadelphus, From 8.c.;280 To 250, Where Be Formed One Of The Seven Poets Known By The Name Of Pleiss. He ...
Lycurgus
Lycurgus, The Lawgiver Of Sparta, Of Whose Birth And The Period Of His Existence The Accounts Are Very Discordant. By Some Even His Reality Has Been Doubted, But We Thiuk Without Sufficient Reason. Aristotle Makes Him A Contemporary Of The King Iphitus, Who Lived B.c. 884. Xenophon Places Him 200 ...
Lycurgus_2
Lycurgus, The Athenian Orator, The Son Of Lycophron, And The! Grandson Of Lycurgua, Who Is Ridiculed By Aristophanes (' Birds, 1. 1296), Was One Of The Warmest Supporters Of The Democratical Party In The Contest With Philip Of Macedon. The Time Of His Birth Is Uncertain, But He Was Older ...
Lyell
* Lyell, Slit Charles, Au Eminent Living Geologist, Is The Eldest Son Of Charles Lyell, Esq., Of Killeen Dy, Forfarshire, Who Died In 1849. Sir Charles Was Born At Kinnordy, In Forfarshire, On Tho 14th Of November, 1797. He Received His Early Education At Midhurst, In Sussex, And Was Subsequently ...
Lyric Poetry
Lyric Poetry Is Commonly Understood To Be That Kind Of Poetry Which Is Composed In Order To Musical Recitation, But The Epithet Has Been Transferred To All Kinds Of Verse Partaking In Any Degree Of The Same Nature As That To Which It Was At First Applied. Thus We Hear ...
Lyrics
Lyrics Are Those Verses Which Are Commonly Used In Lyrical Poetry. Such Are Those Of Piudar, Of Horace's Odes, And Of The Tragic, And Comic Choruses. They Are Generally Short, In Order, As Is Said, To Agree Better With The Time Of Any Music Which Might Have Been Intended To ...
Lysander
Lysander, A Spartan, Who Roso To Eminence Towards The End Of The Peloponnesian War, And Was Placed In Command Of The Lacedre Inonian Troops On The Coast Of Asia Minor, B.c. 407. Having About Him Little Of The Old Spartan Severity, And Being Ready To Sacrifice That Personal And National ...
Lysias
Ly'sias, One Of The Ten Athenian Orators, Was Born At Athens, B.c. 458. His Father Cephalus Was A Native Of Syracuse, Who Settled At Athens During The Time Of Pericles ; He Was A Person Of Considerable Wealth, And Lived On Intimate Terms With Pericles And Socrates. His House Is ...
Lysimachus
Lysi'machus, One Of The Officers Of Alexander The Great, Was Born Of Mi Illustrious Macedonian Family. (' Justin,' Xv. 3.) In The General Distribution Of The Provinces, Or Satrapies, To The Chief Mace Donian Officers After The Death Of Alexander, Lysimachus Received Thrace And The Neighbouring Countries. It Was Not ...
Lysippus
Lysippus, One Of The Most Celebrated Estuaries Of Antiquity, Was Born At Sicyon. He Was Particularly Distinguished By His Statues In Bronze, Which Are Said To Have Been Superior To All Other Works Of A Similar Kind. He Introduced Great Improvements In His Art, By Making The Bead Smaller, And ...
Lytta
Lytta. [ans.'s/1mm.] Is The Labial Letter Of The Liquid Series. For The Various Forms Of The Characters By Which It Has Been Denoted In The Chief European Languages, See Attauesr. The Changes To Which It Is Liable Are Chiefly As Follows:— I. If Is Interchanged With Ts. Thus Ts, At ...
Mace
Mace, Originally A Club Of Metal, Whence It Derived Its Name Of Mace Or Iilacue, And Whence Its Diminutive 31azuelle Is Also Derived. In A More Ornamental Form It Is Used As An Ensign Of Authority Borne Before Magistrates. Of This Last Kind Is The Mace Placed Before The Speaker ...
Machine
Machine, An Object By The Intervention Of Which A Motive Power Is Made To Act Upon Any Body And Overcome The Force By Which The Latter Resists The Effort To Change Its State Of Rest Or Motion. A Machine Differs In No Respect From A Tool, An Instrument, Or An ...
Machinery
Machinery. It Is Proposed To Consider In This Artiole The Influence Which Is Exercised By Maelduery Upon The General Interests Of Mankind, And Especially Upon The Wellbeing Of Different Classes Of Society. There Is No Subject In The Present Ago Which Is More Deserving Of Attention ; And None Perhaps ...
Madame Amantine Aurore Dudevant
* Dudevant, Madame Amantine-aurore, Better Known By Her Assumed Name Of George Sand, Was Born In 1804, Iu The Department Of Indre (part Of The Old Province Of Berri), In The Very Centre Of France. Her Father, Maurice Dupin, Was A Captain In The Army Of The Empire, After Having ...
Madame Campan
Campa'n, Madame, Was The Daughter Of M. Genet, An Officer In The Forgive Department Under Louis Xv. She Was Born In October 1752. At Eileen Yeare Of Age She Was Appointed Reader To The Prin. Daughters Of Louis Xv. In 1770 Abe Married M. Campo), And Was Woo After Appointed ...
Madame Darblay
D'arblay, Madame, Originally Miss Frances Burney, Was Born At Lynnetiegis, On The 13th Of June 1752, And Was The Second Daughter Of Charles Burcey, Mue. Doc., The Author Of The ' History Of Music,' Who Was Then Organist In That Town. Her Mother, Whom She Lost When She Was About ...
Madame Delphine De Girardin
Madame Delphine De Girardin, The Wife Of Emile Girardin,'and Daughter Of Sophie Gay, A Literary Rady Of Considerable Talents, Was Born In 1805, At Aix-la-chapelle. She Was What Is Called A Precocious Genius, And At The Age Of Fourteen Was Noted For Her Remarkable Beauty. In 1822 A Poetical Eulogy ...
Madrigal
Madrigal, In Music, An Unaccompanied Vocal Composition, Some Times In Three Parts, But Commonly In More ; And As The True Madrigal Is Written In What Is Termed The Learned Style—abounding In Points Of The Fugal Or Imitation Kind—it Is, Almost Necessarily, As Mush The Pro Duce Of Study As ...
Magazine
Magazine. Magazines Are Of Two Descriptions, Permanent Or Temporary. Permanent Magazines Are Strong Buildings Constructed Generally Of Brick Or Stone Within A Fortified Place, Or In The Neighbour Hood Of A Military Or Naval Station, In Order To Contain In Security The Gunpowder Or Other Warlike Stores Which May Be ...
Magi
Magi, The Name Of The Priests Among The Medea And Persians, Whose Religious Doctrines And Ceremonies Are Explained Under Zotross Ter, In Bloc. Div. The Magi Formed One Of The Six Tribes Into Which The Medea Were Originally Divided (i Ferodot. I. 101) ; But On The Downfall Of The ...
Magic Lantern
Magic Lantern Is A Species Of Lucemal Microscope, Its Object Being To Obtain An Enlarged Representation Of Figures, On A Screen In A Darkened Room, By Means Of The Pencils Of Light Issuing From A Lamp Or Candle And Through A Convex Lens. The Instrument Consists Of A Lantern, Generally ...
Magic Square
Magic Square. This Term Is Applied To • Set Of Numbers Arranged In A Square In Such A Manner That The Vertical, Horizontal,and Diagonal Columns Shall Give The Same Sums. Such Arrangements Were Known Very Early To The Hindus, Egyptians, And Chinese, Among Whom, As Also Among The Europeans Of ...
Magna Ciiarta
Magna Ciiarta. The Terms Of The Compact Between The Feudal Chief And His Dependants Underwent Frequent Changes In The Middle Ages, The Consequence For The Most Part:, Of Resistance Made By The Teuaota, And Struggles To Regain Liberties Which Had Been Originally Surrendered Or Taken From Them By The Force ...
Magnesium
Magnesium (mg). This Metal Was First Obtained By Sir Humphry Davy, But Its Oxide Or Magnesia, And Carbonate, Or Magnesia Alts,, Have Been Known Since The Commencement Of The Last Century. Its Com Pounds Are Frequently Met With In The Inorganic Kingdom, But Are Not So Abundant As Those Of ...
Magnet
Magnet. The Natural Magnet, Loadstone, Or Lodestone, Is Known In Mineralogy As Magnetic Iron Ore. It Consists Of One Equivalent Of Protoxida And One Equivalent Of Sesquioxide Of Iron (feo, Fe,0,), And Possesses The Remarkable Property Of Attracting Iron And Some Other Metals. It Is Said To Have Been Found ...
Magnetism
Magnetism. If We Take A Natural Or An Artificial Magnet, And, Spreading Over A Piece Of Paper A Quantity Of Fine Iron Filings, Place The Magnet On The Paper, On Taking It Up, We Shall Find That The Iron Filings Are Attached To It In Some Degree Over All Its ...
Magneto Electricity
Magneto-electricity. If A Wire Which Joins The Twn Ends Of A Voltaic Battery (galvaetsu) And Consequently Through Which A Voltaic-current Is Passing, Be Arranged In Such A Manner As To Be Parallel With A Second Wire, The Two Ends Of Which Are Con Nected With A Sensitive Galvanometer, No Action ...
Magnitude
Magnitude. This Term Is Generally Used Synonymously With Quantity, And Is Sometimes Even Confounded With Number. The Dis Tinction Between The First Two Terms Is Not More Marked Than This : He Who Answers The Question " How Much " Describes The Quantity, And He Who Answers "how Great ? ...
Magnus Gottfre1d Lichtwer
Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfre1d, Born At Wurzen, In Saxony, January 30th, 1719, Though Only One Of The Minor Poets Of Germany, May Be Considered Almost The First In The Rank Of Its Fabulist& When Only Two Years Old He Lost His Father, But His Mother's Circumstances Enabled Her To Bestow Upon ...
Magnus Jakob Crusenstolpe
Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob, A Swedish Political And Miscellaneous Writer, Was Born At Joukapiug March 11th, 1795. His Grandfather, Who Had Been Eunubled By King Adolphus Frederic And Raised To A Judicial Post, Was Degraded And Redneed To The Bar In 1773 By Gustavus Iii., On Account Of His Political Opiuions, ...
Mahogany Economical Uses
Mahogany: Economical Uses. This Wood Was First Known In England In 1724, When Dr. Gibbons, A Physician Residing In King Street, Covent Garden, Received A Few Planks From His Brother, A Captain In The West India Trade. After Much Trouble, Occasioned By The Wood Being Too Hard For The Tools ...
Maiisiies
Maiisiies Are Those Places Of Greater Or Less Extent On The Earth. Surface, Where The Soil Is Almost Constantly Soaked With Water. The The Bog, The Fen, And The Morass, Are So Many Different Names For The Same Thing, Or Modifications Which Have Not Yet Been Defined. Whether Marshes Be ...
Mailtin Folkes
Folkes, Mailtin, An Eminent English Antiquary, Was The Eldest Son Of Martin Petite& Esq., And Was Born In Greet Queen Street, October 29th, 1090. Ho Entered Of Clare Hall. Cambridge, In 1707, Where His Progress In All Branches Of Learning, And More Especially In Mathematics And Philosophy, Seas Such, That ...
Major
Major, A 661d-officer Next In Rank Below A Lieutenant-colonel, And Immediately Superior To The Captains Of Troops In A Regiment Of Calvary, Or To The Captains Of Compauies In A Battalion Of Infautry. Ilia Duty Is To Superintend The Exercises Of Time Regiment Or Battalion, And, On Parade Or In ...
Major_2
Major, A Field-officer Next In Rank Below A Lieutenant-colonel, And Immediately Superior To The Captain. Of Troops In A Regiment Of Calvary, Or To The Captains Of Companies In A Battalion Of Infantry. His Duty Is To Superintend The Exercises Of The Regiment Or Battalion, And, On Parade Or In ...
Malcolm Laino
Laino, Malcolm, An Historian, Was Born In Orkney, Where He Possessed A Small Patrimonial Estate, In 1762. He Received The Rudi Ments Of Education At Kirkwall, And Afterwards Studied At Edinburgh, Where He Was One Of The Most Active Members Of The 'speculative Society,' An Association In Which Many Young ...
Malic Acid
Malic Acid (c,h,0„ 2110) Was Discovered In 1785 By Scheele. It Received Its Name From Having Been First Obtained From The Juice Of Apples, In Which It Exists In Considerable Quantity, And Also, As Has Been Since Ascertained, In Various Other Fruits, As Cherries, Raspberries, Strawberries, In House-leek, And The ...
Malic Acid 2110
Malic Acid 2110) Was Discovered In 1785 By Scheele. It Received Its Name From Having Been First Obtained From The Juice Of Apples, In Which It Exists In Considerable Quantity, And Also, As Has Been Since Ascertained, In Various Other Fruits, As Cherries, Raspberries, Strawberries, In House-leek, And The Berries ...
Malicious Injuries To Property
Malicious Injuries To Property. At Common Law Mischief Perpetrated With Whatever Motive Against The Property Of Another Was Not Punishable Criminally, Unless The Act Amounted To Felony, Or Was Accompanied With A Breach Of The Peace, Or Affected The Public Convenience. In Other Eases The Offender Was Liable Only To ...
Malleai3ility
Malleai3ility, A Property By Virtue Of Which Certain Bodies, Especially Some Of The Metals, Are Capable, Although In Very Different Degrees, Of Being Beaten Out Under The Hammer (n&leas, Lat.), Or Laminated Between Rollers. The Following Table Represents The Order Of Malleability Gold Is Usually Cited As An Extreme Case ...
Malt Malting
Malt ; Malting. Malt Is Made From All Kinds Of Grain And From Rice, But In England Almost Always From Barley, For The Use Of Brewers And Distillers. It Consists Of Grain Which Has Become Sweet And More Soluble In Water From The Conversion Of Its Starch Into Sugar By ...