Ile found statues, bassi-relievi, columns, and other architectural features, all broken and fragmentary, and all heaped confusedly together ; but all were patiently collected, sorted, and sent to England. Here by the skilful experts of the British Museum Croy were thoroughly examined, and in many instances from among the discon nected fragment.. whole figures have been with rare dexterity pieced together. Chief of these was the master-work,--a draped statue, 10 feet high, of Mausolus himself, which was in more than sixty pieces, and which were successively picked out, identified, and fitted together into perhaps the noblest work of its class in existence ; while the relievi with those already in the Museum form an entire length of upwards of 80 feet of frieze, also in its way unrivalled. With these marbles thus diligently classified and arranged, and the explorations of Mr. Newton on the site, so much has now been discovered that not only has the actual site been identified beyond possibility of dispute, but the extent, dimen sions, and character of the entire edifice have been so clearly eluci dated, that, when one or two points are agreed upon, the architect will be able to restore as completely the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus as any other of the great buildings of antiquity.
A few words willshow the results actually obtained. Mr. Newton having fortunately struck early upon an angle of the building was able to work down to the marble floor of its original foundation, and to trace the outline of its boundary walls. Hyginus mentions that the Mausoleum stood within a peribthes, or sacred enclosure, 1340 feet in circumference. This enclosure Mr. Newton found, and though, from part of the ground being occupied by buildings, he could not trace it throughout its extent, ho was able to determine that instead of being oblong, as was supposed, it was a square, the sides of which were 337 feet, and that the Mausoleum occupied nearly the ccutre of the quadrangle. The foundations of the Mausoleum—which appear to have been laid on the site of a quarry which had been used as a cemetery—proved to be 123 feet by 107. The basement, the interior of which was built of a kind of green-ragstone, was 65 feet high and 112 feet long by 93 feet wide—making very nearly Pliny's 411 feet " tutus cireuitus." Its sides were decorated with the friezes (perhaps in two tiers) spoken of by Pliny. The peristyle consisted of thirty-six Ionio columns, which by the drums of the shafts, or frusta, it was ascertained were within an inch or two of the height named by Pliny (374 feet, or 25 cubits). These columns surrounded a cella or temple (the pteron of Pliny) which was 63 feet by 46 feet : on the long aides were eleven columns, on the fronts nine—the actual space between the columns being exactly the same (7' 4") in the Temple of Minerva at. Prienc, which in other respects bears a great resemblance to the Mausoleum, was built about the same period, and not improbably by the same architect," (Newton). As to the remarkable pyramid described as rising above this pteron, Mr. Newton found a number of marble blocks or tiles, 2 or 3 feet broad, but of a uniform depth of inches, and having on the upper side a groove, ou the lower a flange, so as to joint firmly into each other. Twenty-four of these, with the quadriga and figures on the apex, make up almost exactly the 374 feet of the ancient description. These blocks, however, when protracted, as shown in the
restoration of Mr. Newton and Lieut. Smith, render necessary a space of 221 feet from the centres of the columns to the walls of the cella in order to allow adequate extension to the base of the pyramid. This, besides the unusual extent to be borne without visible means of support—and which presents a great constructive difficulty—gave so flat a pyramid as to have a somewhat ungraceful appearance; and Mr. Fergusson has accordingly very acutely suggested that the pyramid instead of having the usual flat sides was curvilinear in outline, like the roofs of the Lycian tombs. This would afford a better outline and seem to suit better Billy's resemblance of the Pyramidal roof to a meta ; but It has its difficulties, and the point must be regarded as at present unsettled : in other respects there does not seem to be much difference of opinion. Mr. Pullen, however, who supposes that by the pteron Pliny intended the peristyle and not the cella, believes that ho shall be able, In Mr. Newton's forthcoming work, to put forth a restoration that will satisfactorily meet the various difficulties. The core of the basement, as we have seen, was of green ragstouobut all that was visible of the entire building was of marble —coloured, however, as Mr. Newton thinks, from the traces he dis covered, with the brightest blue and vermilion. Altogether, this very remarkable resuscitation has abundantly confirmed the statements of ancient writers as to the surpassing beauty and splendour of this unique edifice.
The vast collection of fragments of the Mausoleum brought to this country, Is as present placed in a temporary enclosure under the portico of the British Museum, and not yet open to the public Inspection. They comprise, as we said, a very large quantity of miscellaneous archi tectural fragments of great interest to the architect and archeolo gist, and many valuable sculptural remains. These last include portrait statues of Marmite; and Artemisia—probably the most ancient examples of Greek portrait-statuary yet discovered, and very admirable as works of art. There are besides a colossal seated female figure, a male torso, and fragments of several other statues. Of equal interest with the Mausolus, but in another way, are tho portions of two of the horses of the quadriga, which are larger In scale (they stood 10 feet high) than any other ancient marble horse yet discovered, and (allowing for the altitude at which they were placed) hardly inferior in 'style to the famous horses of the Parthenon; while the interest attached to them is not a little increased by the head retaining its original bronze bridle and accoutrements—the only instance known of this kind of decoration (though often referred to in ancient writing) which has come clown to the present time. Another important fragment is that of the body of a horse and the torso of its rider, of colossal size, and of the most admirable design. Of the frieze, altogether 80 feet in extent, it is said by Mr. Newton that "no museum can show so magnificent a series of high reliefs." Besides these, there are six figures of lions in very tolerable pre servation, and several fragments of Ilona, and broken portions of the frieze.