The Mausoleum erected at Babylon by Alexander the Great, in honour of Hephtestion, appears to have been equally magnificent with that at Halicarnassus, but less refined, and indeed somewhat extrava gant in its decorations, as far as can be gathered from the account given of it by Diodorus (xvii. 115). It was adorned below by the gilded rostra, ur beaks, of two hundred and forty ships, and every suc cessive tier or story was enriched with a profusion of sculpture repre senting various animals, fighting centaurs, and other figures, all of which were gilt ; and on the summit were statues of sirens, mado hollow, in order that the 'singers who chanted the funereal dirge might be concealed within them.
The Mausoleums of Augustus and Hadrian at Rome were structures of great magnitude and grandeur, and resembled each other in being circular in plan. The first stood in the Campus Mastitis, where remains of it yet exist in the two concentric circles forming the first and second stories of the building, and the vaulted chambers between, which supported the first or lowest terrace. Of these terraces there were three ; consequently four stages in the building, gradually decreasing in diameter, the uppermost of which was crowned by a colossal statue of the emperor. The terraces themselves were planted with trees.' Hadrian's Mausoleum, now converted into the Castello di S. Angelo, in which shape it is familiar to almost every one, is a work of massive construction, and originally presented an unbroken circular mass of building, erected upon a larger square basement, lofty in itself, yet of moderate height in proportion to the superstructure, the latter being about twice as high as the former. This nearly solid rotunda, which
was originally coated with white marble, had on its summit numerous fine statues, which were broken to pieces and the fragments hurled down by the soldiers of Bellsarius upon the Gotha, who attempted to take the building by storm. Neither are any remains now left of the uppermost stage of the edifice, which assumed the form of a circular peripteral temple, whose diameter was about one-third of the larger circle. According to tradition, its peristyle consisted of the twenty four beautiful marble Corinthian columns which afterwards decorated the Basilica of San Paolo fuori delle Mum; and its tholus or dome was surmounted by a colossal pine-applo in bronze, now placed in the gardens of the Vatican.
Such places as Henry VIL's Chapel and the Pantheon of the Escurial may also be considered as mausoleums ; but tho term is generally restricted to a detached edifice erected merely as a private burying-place or to contain tombs. There are several structures of tho kind in the parks of our nobility ; among the more remarkable is that at Castle Howard, the seat of the Earl of Carlisle, and one of Hawkstnoor's best works, a circular edifice in the Roman.Dorio style, elevated upon a basement, and crowned by a dome : plans, sections, &e., of this structure have been beautifully engraved by Moses. The Marquis of Rockingham 's mausoleum by Carr is another ornamental structure of the kind, composed of three stories, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. We may also mention those at Cobham in 'Kent, and Brockleaby in Lincolnshire, by the late James Wyatt.