PANNO'NIA, the name of a province of the Roman empire, was bounded N. and E. by the Danube, S. by Illyricum and Mcesia, and W. by Noricum. It was separated from Mcesia by the Savus (Save), and from Illyricum by an imaginary lino drawn a few miles south of the Save ; but the boundaries between Noricum and Pannonia differed at carious times. Pannonia would thus correspond to Solavonia, parts of Hungary, Lower Austria, Styria, Croatia, and to those parts of Turkish Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia which immediately touch upon the Save.
The Pannonian belonged to the Celtic, or perhaps the Germanic race. They were first attacked by Augustus, tee. 35 (Dion Cass. xlix. 36, 37; Liv., Ep.,' 131), and were subdued during his reign by Tibe rius, and reduced to the form of a province. (Noll. Pat, ii. 110, et seq.) We learn from Tacitua (' Ann.,' i. 16), that at the death of Augustus there were several legions stationed in Panuonia, which was then regarded, and continued to be so till the end of the Roman empire, as one of the most important provinces of the empire, on account of its bordering on the powerful nations of the Quadi and lazyges.
Under the early Roman emperors Pannonia only formed ono pro vince; it was afterwards divided, but at what time is uncertain, into two provinces—Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior; the formir comprising the western and the latter the eastern part of the original province. A new division of tho provinces was mado by the emperor Galerius, by whom Pannonia was divided into three provinces, which division appears to have continued till the downfal of the Roman empire.
The principal rivers of Pannonia were the Narabo or Arrabo (Raab), the Dravus (Drava), and Savue (Save), all of which flow into the Danube. The two most important ranges of mountains were the Pannonii Mentes, a continuation of the Sarmatian range, which passed through the northern part of the province in a south-westerly direct tion, and joined Mount Cotius; and the Claudii Montea, which sepa rated the valleys of the Save and the Dtave.
Very little is known of the position of the different tribes which inhabited Pannonia. The powerful nation of the Boii dwelt in the north-western part of the province ; and after their extermination by the Getze that part of the province was called Deserts Boiorum.
iii. 27.) Pannonia possessed several towns of importance, the inhabitants of which appear to have principally depended for their support upon the numerous legions which were quartered in different parts of the pro vince. Following the course of the Danube, the first town we come to after leaving Noricum is Vindobona (Vienna), called Vianiomina by Pliny (iii. 27), who places it in Noricum. At the time of Ptolernseus
it was called Juliobona, and was the station of a legion. It is called by most later writers Vindobona; but in the Notitia Imperil' it is written Vindomana. The next town of importance below Vindobona on the Danube is Carnuntum, which, in the early part of the Roman empire, was the most important place in the north of Pauuonia. The amber which was collected in the northern part of Europe was brought to this town, and thence conveyed to the different parts of the Roman empire. It was the head quarters of the army of 'Marcus Antoninus in the war which he carried on with the Marcomanui. (Eutrop. viii. 6.) Its ruins are in the neighbourhood of Altenburg. Below Carnuntum on the Danube was Brigand= or Bregetium (Furto), called by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxx. 6), Bregetio, the station of a Roman legion, where the emperor Vslentiniau died, while making preparations for a war against the Quail Following the course of the Danube, we next come to Aquiucum or Acincum (Buda or Ofen), the principal town in the province of Valeria and the station of a legion. South of Acincum on the Danube, in the province of Sada, was Milatao or Maeda, afterwards called Etouonia (Amm. Marc., xxi. 9 ; xxxi. 11); and below it were Acumincum or Aciwiucum (Peterwar dein), and Taurnuum (Serulin), the most easterly town in the province, near the confluence of the Save and the Danube.
The most important towns in the southern part of the proviuce were Siscia (Sziuek), Cibalm or Cibalis (Palanha), and Sirmium (Schabacz), all on the Save. Siscia, which was upon the borders of Illyricum, was the moat important town in l'anuonia in the time of Augustus. Cibalse or Cibalia was situated at a considerable distance below Siscia. It was memorable for the defeat of Liciuianus by Con stantiue, and was the birthplace of the emperor Oratianus. (Amtn. Marc., xxx. 2L) Sirmium, which was below Cibalre, was, under the later Roman emperors, the principal town of Pannonia.
On the Drave, near the confines of Noricum, was Petovio or Psetovio (Pettau), which is mentioned by Tacitna (' Hist , iii. 1) as the winter quarters of the 13th legion. Below Petovio, on the Save, were Jovia (Szusevecz), and Murals. (Eszeg), a colony founded by Hadrian. (itepb. Ilya.) At Murcia the fleet of the Lower Danube was sta tioned, and near it Magnentius was defeated by Coustantius. (Zosi mus, i. 43.) The only town of importance in the north-western part of the pro vince was Sabaria (Steinamanger). a Roman colony founded by the emperor Claudius. (Pliny, iii. 27.)