The area and population are distributed as follows over 20 provinces, 6 of which, called Legations, are governed by a Cardinal legate, and 14, called Delegations, are administered by dignitaries of lower degree:— The established religion is the Roman Catholic. The population include& about 10,000 regular clergy or monks, 6000 uuus, and about 32,000 secular clergy.
The central ridge of the Apennines runs through the States of the Church in a south-south-east direction, dividing the waters that flow' into the Adriatic from those that join the Tiber. The road from Rome to Pesaro by Nocera crosses the Apeunines between Gualdo and Cagli. Farther south-east there is a depression between Sermvalle and Foliguo through which passes the high road from Rome to Loreto and Ancona. South of this pass the Apcnuiues form a lofty group extending to the eastward, and known by the name of Monte Sibilla, the lions Tetricus of the ancieuts, which is 7200 feet high, and is tho highest summit in the Papal States. The ridge thou joins the mountains of Ahruzzo in the kingdom of Naples east of Norcia. Two offsets detach themselves from the main ridge above the sources of the Nera, and run south, skirting the two banks of that river as far as its junc tion with the Tiber. The more eastern offset is intersected by the \reline which makes its way through it by a fine waterfall nut far from Terni. The whole fall of the Veliuo, from the level of the water above the cascade to its confluence with the Nera through a succession of rapids, is above 1000 feet. The country eastward of the Nera cou eista of high lands, which adjoin those of Abruzzo, and are a most interesting region, but seldom visited by travellers.
The southern division of the Papal State chiefly consists of the basin of the Tiber. This river rises at the foot of Monte delle Baize, in a deep dell of the Tuscan Apennines, about 20 miles from the source of the Arno. The Sank, which flows by Cowrie to the Adriatic, has its sources on the north side of the same mountain. The Tiber ripe. from two springs of limpid water in a wood of beech-trees, and, being swelled by mountain 'dreamt, flows in a south direction through a narrow valley between high mountains. The river passes by the towus of Piece Santo Stefano and Borgo San Sepolcro, after which it receives the river Sovara, and soon after leaves the Tuscan territory and enters the province of Perugia. It then flows by Castello, and
after a rapid course of about 50 miles from its sources it reaches the foot of the bill upon which stands the town of Perugia : it then flows through a fertile valley, receiving on its left bank the united waters of the Chlascio from the mountains of dubbin, the Toping from Foligno, and the Maroggia, joined by the Clitumnus, from the valley of Spoleto ; and lower down, on its right bank, the river which comes from Cittd della Piece on the borders of Tuscany. The river then enters a narrow gorge between two rocky ridges, on one of which stands the town of Todi, the ancient Tudertum or Tutere, a city of the Umbri and afterwards of the Etruscans, which is more than 1000 feet above the Mt. The bottom of the river here falls about 2 feet in every 1000 feet, and the bed being confined and partly encumbered by stones and gravel brought down from the mountains, the waters rise io flood times as high as 24 feet, but the river is very shallow in the dry season. The navigation of the river, which from Perugia to Todi is carried on merely by rafts, becomes here totally interrupted. The Tiber, after receiving the Nein and other mountain streams, issues out of the gorge at the rapids called Passo del Forello, after which it enters a broad valley. It receives near Ovieto the river Paglia from the mountains of Tuscany, which is swollen by the waters of part of the Chlana. The river now assumes a more regular and less rapid course, flowing in a deep bed, and inclining to the south-west. It receives the Vezza from Ifontefiascone, and lower down the Nera, the largest of its affluent., near the town of Orta. The whole course of the Tiber, from its sources to the confluence of the Nera, is about 110 miles. From this point the regular navigation of the Tiber begins : boats of various sizes, some of which are 60 feet long and of 50 tons burden, carry to Rome wine, corn, charcoal, wood, and other,produce of the upper country. In ascending the river they are towed up by buffaloes.