The maritime trade is carried on chiefly by foreigners. This is the branch of industry most neglected by the natives of the Papal State. The navigation returns of the two ports of Civita-Vocchia and Ancona for 1852 give the total number of entries at 2311. Of these 1080, carrying 67,096 tons, were native vessels ; and 1231, with 187,728 tons, were foreign, chiefly Austrian, Neapolitan, Tuscan, and Genoese. The departures in the same year were 2292, including 1032 native and 1210 foreign vessels. Even the coasting trade and the fishing along tho greater part of the coast are carried on in great measure by foreign boats. The Neapolitans fish all Alen? the Mediterranean coast, and the Venetians along that of the Adriatic. The Neapolitans supply Rome with fish, the consumption of which is very great in Lent.
The principal agricultural products are—wheat, barley, rye, and maize, which are produced in great quantity in the northern and eastern provinces; rice is cultivated In the low grounds; oil, wine, generally of ordinary quality, but some better sorts are made in the Marches, and on the hills of Albano, Orvieto, and Montefiruscone ; pulse and vegetables of every kind ; fruit, including lemons and oranges, and chestnuts; hemp and flax, silk, tobacco, and timber and wood for fneL There are forests of oak, cork-trees, elm, ash, and pine. The principal forests are on the sides of the Apennines, on the Mounts Cimino and Albano, on parts of the Monti Lepini, and along the eaa-coast of the Mediterranean. The pine-forest near Ravenna, along the Adriatic shore, has been noticed by Byron in 'Child° Harold,' canto iv.
Horned cattle, including buffaloes, are numerous and remarkably fine, especially in the province of l'erugia, the Campagna of Rome, and in the province of Ferrara. Very good cheese and butter are made. The sheep are reckoned at 2,000,000. Much cheese is made of ewes' as well as goats'enilk. Figs are reared in great numbers. Wild boars are numerous in the Pomptine Marshes. The horses are reckoned at about 500,000 in the whole state. The lakes and rivers abound with fish.
the fall of the western empire, and the re-conquest of Italy by Belisarius and Narses, Rome and the adjoining territory were administered by an officer called prefect, appointed by the Byzantine emperor, and subordinate to the exarch of Ravenna. Rome retained its municipal government, and the bishop of Rome, styled Priesul; was elected by the joint votes of the clergy, the senate, and the people, but was not consecrated until the choice was confirmed by the Eastern emperor. The see of Rome enjoyed large revenues and
benefices, the gifts of various emperors, besides the gifts and bequests of private persons. The people of Rome, forsaken as it were by the Eaeterp emperors, aocuotomed themselves to look upon their bishop as their chief defender and protector. The popes were the chief means of preserving Rome from being occupied by the Longobards. The Romans and the Italians in general refused to submit to the edict of Leo, the Isaurian, against images ; and after the emperor was con demned by Pope Gregory II. in the council of Rome, A.D. 726, they refused to pay the usual tribute to the Eastern empire. (Paulus Diaconus, iv. 49.) Rome now governed itself as an independent commonwealth, having its senate, its consuls and tribunes, and forming alliances with the dukes of Benevento and Spoleto. and with the tt The pope was generally the mediator of these transactions. As the good under standing between the Longobards and the Romans was not however of long duration, the popes turned for protection towards the west where the Frankiah monarchy had attained great extent and import ance. Gregory 'IL, Zacharias, and Stephen III., wrote repeatedly to Charles Martel and his successor Pepin in the name "of the senate and the people of Rome," who, having renounced their allegiance to the Eastern emperor, wished to place themselves under the powerful pro tection of the of the Franks. Aud when Adolphus, king of the Longobards, the territory of Rome, Pepin repaired to Italy with an army, and, having defeated Astolphus, obliged him not only to respect the duchy of Rome, but to give up the exarchate of Ravenna and the Pentapolis, not to the Eastern emperor, their former pos sessor, but "to the Holy Church of God and the Roman republic." The following list of the towns included in this grant is given by Anastasius :—Ravenna, Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Cesena, Sinigaglia, Jesi, Forlimpopoli, Forli, Montefeltro, Castel Sussubio, Accrragio, Monte di Lucaro, Cerra, Castel San Mariano, Urbino, Cagli, Luceolo, Gubbio, and Comacchio. Astolphus sent the keys of these towns to be deposited ou the altar of St. Peter at Rome, but he did not give up the towns, and the possession of the Church and the Roman republic was merely nominal. The popes complained repeatedly of the non fulfilment of the act of donation.