Fat may be either dissolved in the form of a soap, or free in the urine. It is more frequently free. The urine has a turbid emulsion like appearance. What is called chylous urine depends on the presence of fat globules. This state of the urine sometimes comes on from fatty food, and at other times from some defect in the assimilative functions. It is not at all a dangerous symptom. The administration of gallic acid is said to arrest its development.
Epithelial cells are very frequently present in abnormal numbers in urine. In all urine, after standing, a alight cloud will be seen forming, which, when examined by the microscope, is found to consist of illdefined granular cells from the mucous membrance of the urinary passages. In many diseases this becomes increased. The shape of these cells will indicate their source. The epithelial cells of the urethra, bladder, and kidney are of different forms. The cells of the urethra are flattened, those of the bladder ovate, whilst those of the renal epithelium are caudate.
Cancer cells are also found when cancerous disease of the kidneys or bladder is present. It is very difficult to distinguish between the caudate cells of cancer and the cells of the renal epithelium. The
latter are not often in such abundance as the former, but general symptoms must assist in the diagnosis.
Renal casts are frequent in the urine in disease. They vary in breadth from the th,th to the of an inch, and are from the Ath to the ,k,th of an inch in length. They vary, however, in size and transparency, according to the materials of which they are composed. It is, however, impossible to diagnose the nature of the disease of the kidneys by the composition of the renal cast. Large bodies are often found, called cylinders, which are not found in the kidneys, but in the bladder, prostate, or ureter. The casts have been thus named accord ing to their composition by Dr. George Johnson : epithelial casts, large and small waxy casts, granular casts, oily casts, bloody casts, purulent casts.
Other bodice are less frequently found in the urine, as fibrine, starch, spermatozoa, hydatide, hair, and entozoa, the sources of which are indicated by their nature.
Urine sometimes, after standing, presents the mycelium of lower