PIIRYGIA, a country of Asia Minor. The boundaries of Phrygia differed at various times. Before the establishment of the province of Galatia by the Gauls, who invaded Asia Minor, Phrygia extended as far as the river Halys.
Phrygia is a high table-land, supported on the south by Mount Taurus, and on the north by the high range of mountains which runs from west to cast under the ancient names of Ida and Temnon in Myaia, and Olympus in the neighbourhood of Brusa. The country iu the southern and eastern parts is covered with salt marshes, rivers, and lakes, which have no visible outlet. Of these salt lakes, the most curious is the one called Tette by Strabo (Tvz or Tuzla), which is 45 miles in length, and supplies a vast tract of country with salt. !ANA TOLIA, vol L col 328.] The Phrygians are said to have been a very ancient people. We know scarcely Anything of the early history of I'hrygia. There appears to have been a kingdom of considerable power in the northern part of Phrygia under the Midian or Gordian dynasty. The Phrygians were conquered by Crowns and added to the Lydian empire, and were subsequently subject to the Persians. Oa the division of Alexander's dominions, Phrygia first came into the hands of Antigonus, and after wards formed part of the dominions of the Seleucidie. After the defeat of Antiochus the Great, Phrygia was given to Eumenes, king of l'ergamos, and on the death of Attalla, B.C. 133, it came by his bequest into the Lands of the Romans, together with the other dominions of the kings of Pergamoe. (Per.eaMos.] In Northern Phrygia, the first town of importance on the west was Azani, near the source of the Ithyndacus, which flows into the Lake Apollonintis. At this place are now extensive ruins, which have furnished materials for the erection of the modern village of Tjandere Hessar. South-east of Azani was Cotyreium, or Cotywum (Kutaya), on the Thymbrina which is still a considerable place. Aneyra is mentioned at the close of the article ANCTRA.
In the south-eastern part of Phrygia was Ss-nnada, a place of con siderable commerce and traffic, as it was situated on the road from Apameia Cibotus to Galatia, and also in the way, or nearly so, from Apameia to Iconium and Cilicia. At a short distance to the north of Synnada was Docimia, which was celebrated for its marble gunnies.
The most important cities in Phrygia were situated in the south western part of the province. Of theao cities Celienm was the most ancient. Ilerodotne says (vii. 56) that it is situated at the source of the river Mreander, and also of the Catarrhactes, a stream not less than the Sixander. Xerxes, after his defeat in Greece, is said to have
built here the citadel and a palace (Yen., Annb.,' i. 2, § 0). The younger Cyrus appears to have frequently resided at Cekenre, where he bad a palace and a great park full of wild beasts. Near Celaeue was Apameia Cibotus, which was founded by Antiochus Sister, who removed to the now city the greater part of the inhabitants of Celasnas, which became in consequence a place of small importance. Apamea soon became a place of great wealth, and in the time of Strabo was mecond only to Ephesus in Asia Minor in commercial importance. South-west of Apemen, and a little to the south of the river Lycua, was Colottee, which is mentioned by Herodotua (vii. 30) and Xenophon (' Auab., i 2, § 6) as a large and flourishing city. Strabo (xii. 57G) and Pliny (v. 29) however speak of it la only a small place. At Colones, there was formed a Christian church, chiefly, it appears, by the labours of Epaphraa (Col., 1. 7 ; iv. 12, 13), to which St. Peal, who does not appear to have ever visited Colossue himself (Col., ii. I), wrote an epistle. Colman was destroyed by an earthquake, together with Hierapolis sod lesodicea, in the 9th year of the reign of Nero (Oros., vii. 7), but was built again, and became in the middle ages a place of considerable importance under the name of Cheney. Chonos is at preaeut a small village, situated under a very high hill ; the ruioa of the ancient city may be traced for nearly a mile. (Anindell, ' Visit to the Seven Churches,' p. 91-93.) West of Coloasie, and a little to the south of the Lyme, was Lao dime, which was a largo commercial town in the time of Cicero (' Ad Fans.; ii 17 ; iii 5) and Strabo (xis, p. 576). There was a Christian church at Laodicea in the time of the Apostles. Strabo says that Isnodiees was celebrated for the sheep which fed in the plains around It. and that their wool was considered superior to that of Ililctus. The ruins of lAmlicea, which are considerable, are seen a little below Denizli.
Nearly opposite lasorlicea, to the north of the Lycus, was Ilierapolis, which was celebrated for its mineral springs. (Stmbo, :lib 629.) The ruins of Iliempolis, according to Chandler (' Travels in Asia Minor,' p. 290), are on the site called Pambouk-kalesei, and are about a mile in length. There aro remains of a very large theatre and of other public buildings.