Pile
Pile. A Piece Of Timber, Or Of Iron (either Cast Or Wrought), Driven Into The Ground For The Purpose Of Acting In The Manner Of A Column, To Transmit The Weight Of A Superincumbent Structure To An Inferior Resisting Stratum, When The Surface Stratum Is Of So Com Pressible A ...
Piletorians
Piletorians Was, In The Time Of The Roman Republic, The Name Of A Select Cohort Which Attended The Person Of The Praetor Or Com Anander Of A Roman Army. &must (` Catilina,' Go) Says That Petreius, Finding That Catilina And His Followers Defended Themselves More Etoutly Than He Expected, Ordered, ...
Pilgrim
Pilgrim Is The Name Given To A Person Who Travels For The Purpose Of Visiting The Ehrines Or Tombs Of Holy Men, Or Places Which From Any Cause Have Come To Bo Regarded As Sacred ; And The Act Itself Is Called Pilgrimage. The Words Pilgrim In English, Pilyer In ...
Pillory
Pillory. The Pillory Was A Mode Of Punishment For Crimes By A Public Exposure Of The Offender, Used For Many Centuries In Most Of The Countries Of Europe Under Various Names. In France It Was Called Psiltnie, And, In More Recent Times, Carcan ; And In Germany Pranger, In England ...
Pilot
Pilot. In Many Maritime Countries The Name Of Pilot Is Applied To A Constant Officer In A Ship, Who Has The Charge Of The Helm And The General Direction Of The Ship's Course; And Also To A Person Who Under Takes The Special Charge Of Navigating Ships In Particular Rivers, ...
Pin 3ianufacture
Pin 3ianufacture. It Is Not Known At What Time Pins Made Of Metal Of The Present Form Were First Manufactured In This Country, But It Must Have Been Some Time Previous To 1543. In This Year A Statute Was Passed (35' Henry Viii., C. 6), Intituled "an Acts For The ...
Pin Ic
Pin Ic. The Flower So Called (dianthus Plumarius) Belongs To The Gentle Dianthus, To Rattle!) Also Belong The Carnation (diandres Caryo Phyilas), The Sweet-whit= (dianthus Barbatus), And Others, And The Cultivation Of All Of Them Is Similar. Although Some Of The Species Are Indigenous To Great Britain, By Far The ...
Pineapple
Pineapple; The Fruit Of The Ananassa Satire, Lindl., A Tropical Plant, Indigenous To South America And Some Of The West India Islands. It Has Become So Perfectly Naturalised In Many Parts Of The Hot Regions Of Asia And Africa, That It Has Been Thought To Be Likewise A Native Of ...
Pipe
Pipe, A Circular Or Square Artificial Channel For The Conveyance Of Watery Fluids, Either Under Pressure, Or Flowing Freely, Or For The Passage Of Wriform Fluids, Or Of Sound. According To The Almost Endless Varieties Of Uses To Which Pipes May Be Converted, And To The Positions In Which They ...
Pipe
Pipe. A Column Of Air Contained In It Tube And Maintained In A State Of Vibration Yields A Musical Sound, Depending Upon Its Length And ( Slightly) Upon The State Of The Atmosphere. Our Object In The Present Article Is To Give Such An Account Of The Theory Of A ...
Pipe_2
Pipe It Yl-benzam Ide. [pirearsx.] Piperyl-ct.t3iinamide. [pirraise.] Piperyl-sulphocarba3iic Acid. [pireamr..] Meryl-urea. [pireliciv..] Plquets, Or Pickets. All Armies And Smaller Bodies Of Men, In Camp Or Bivouac, Are Protected Against Surprise By Small Detachments Of Troops Termed Piquets, Thrown Out On Their Front And Flanks. There Are Two Descriptions Of Piquets, ...
Piperine I
Piperine I). An Alkaloid Contained In The Different Varieties Of Pepper. Lpiper, In Nat. Ilist. Div.] It Was Discovered By Oersted In 1819, And Is Best Obtained By The Following Process. White Pepper, Coarsely Comminuted, Is Digested In Alcohol, The Latter Recovered By Distillation, And The Residual Extract Treated With ...
Piracy
Piracy (immediately From The. Latin Pirata, And Remotely From The Greek Vetparis) Or Robbery And Depredation On The High Seas, Is An Offence Against The Universal Law Of Society; A Pirate Being, As Black Stone Expresses It," Hoetis Humani Generic." "with Professed Pirates," Lord Stowell Observes (2 Dods., 244), " ...
Pisa
Pisa, A Province Of Tuscany, Is Bounded N. By The Province Of Lucca, E. By That Of Firenze, W. By The Mediterranean, And S. By The Province Of Siena. It Comprises—], The Lower Part Of The Basin Of The Arno, With A Small Part Of That Of The Serchio ; ...
Pisa
Pisa, Capital Of The Province Of Pisa In Tuscany, Is Situated In A Plain Watered By The Arno, 45 Wiles By Railway W. From Florence, 10 Miles N. From Leghorn, And About 4 Miles From The Sea-coast, In 43' 43' 11" N. Lat., 10° 24' 7" E. Long., And Has ...
Pisticcio
Pisticcio. (bastucara.] I'isto'ia, The Ancient Pistorium, A Town In The Tuscan Province Of ----- • Firenze, Is Situated 21 Miles By Railway Through Prato N.w. From The City Of Florence, Inn Plain At The Foot Of The Apennines, And Near The Stella, A Tributary Of The Onibrone, Which Is An ...
Pitcairns Island
Pitcairn's Island, A Small Settlement In The Pacific Ocean, Situated In 25° 4' S. Lat., 130° 8' W. Long., Is Dependent On The British Government, From The Circumstance Of Its Having Been Resorted To By Some Of The Mutineers Of The Bounty In 1790. The First Settlers Consisted Of 9 ...
Plains
Plains. All Those Parts Of The Dry Land Which Cannot Properly Be Called Mountainous Are Plains, And Such Compose By Far The Greater Part Of The Earth's Surface. Thus, For Instance, It Has Been Estimated That In South America The Plains Are To The Mountainous Country As 4 To 1. ...
Planing Machinery
Planing Machinery. Of Late Years The Increase In The Price Of Hand Labour, And The Necessity For Securing Mathematical Accuracy In The Surfaces Of Contact Of The Parts Of Machinery, Have Led To The Application Of Other Machinery To The Preparation Of The Surfaces Of Wood, Of Stone, And Of ...
Plantations
[plantations.] Moss-land Is Often Confounded With Moor; But Is Eery Distinct In Its Nature. Moss-land Is Produced By The Accumulation Of Aquatic Plants, And Its Is Chiefly Vegetable. When It Has A Considerable Depth, And Its Substance Has Lost All Power Of Vegetation, It Forms Peat-bogs Of More Or Less ...
Planting
Planting And Plantations, Planting Is The Operation Of Placing In The Soil The Roots Of A Plant Which Has Been Previously Removed; And The Preservation Of The Roots Is The First Thing To Be Attended To. It Should Be Kept In Mind That The Spongioles, Or Delicate Extremities Of The ...
Plastering
Plastering. The Application Of Any Coat Of Plastic Material To The Uneven Surfaces Of Masonry Or Of Wood-work, For The Purpose Of Bringing The Latter To A Sufficiently Smooth Surface To Receive Elaborate Surface Decoration, Is Known By The Generic Name Of Plastering ; But In Practice A Distinction Is ...
Plate Plating
Plate; Plating. In The Article Jewellery, Jewelling, It Is Explained That Under The General Name Of Plate Are Included The Pro Ductions Iu Gold And Silver Which Are Stamped At Goldsmith& Hall And Similar Places, While Jewdlcry Comprises The Smaller Articles Which Are Not So Stamped. Confining Our Attention To ...
Platform
Platform, Military, Is The Floor Of Wood Or Stone On Which Heavy Guns Are Placed In Order To Be More Easily Worked. In Fortresses The Platforms Are Occasionally Made Of Stone In Order To Withstand Long Exposure To The Weather, But In Field-works They Are Always Of Timber. For Guns ...
Platinum
Platinum (pt). The Natural History Of This Metal Has Already Been Given. [platinum, In Nat. Hist. Div.] It Has Been Very Much Used During The Last Fifty Years In Those Experimental And Manufacturing Operations In Which Vessels Are Required That Are Not Acted Upon By Hydrochloric, Nitric, Or Sulphuric Acids. ...
Pleading
[pleading] ; But Inasmuch As An Avowant, Or A Person Making Cog Nizance, Is Not Merely A Defendant, But A Party Seeking To Recover Some Thing, Time Plaintiff's Answer To An Avowry Or Cognizance, Which Is In The Nature Of A Declaration For The Right Or Duty Withheld, I3 Called ...
Pleading
Pleading At Common Law. Pleadings Are The Allegations Of The Respective Parties To A Cause Expressed In Technical Language. In Order That A Correct Decision May He Made Upon Disputed Rights, It Is Fleeces Nary That The Points To Be Decided Should Be Clearly Ascertained, And This Is Effected By ...
Pleading In Equity
Pleading In Equity. The Following Remarks May Serve To Show How Far Pleadings In Equity Differ From Pleadings At Law, From Which They Are Derived ; And They May Be Taken As Supplemental To The Article Equity, In Which A Reference Is Made To This Article. The Answer In Equity ...
Pledge
Pledge Is A Thing Bailed (delivered For A Temporary Purpose [beitat&vr]) As A Security To The Bailee For The Performance Of Some Engagement On The Part Of The Bailor. When The Pledge Is For A Debt, More Especially Where It Is Given To Secure A Loan At Interest, It Is ...
Pledge_2
Pledge (roman). This Word Formerly Denoted A Person Who Was A Security For Another ; But It Now Denotes A Thing Which Is A Security, And Generally For A Debt. The Chief Rules Of English Law As To Mortgaging And Pledging Are Derived From The Roman Law, In Which However ...
Plethora
Plethora (a Greek Word, Wauezps, Plellibre, Fulness, In Which Sense It Is Used By The Greek Medical Writers) Signifies A Redundancy Of Blood. By The Older Writers The Term Was Used To Express An Imagined Superabundance Of Any Of The Fluids Of The Body ; And The Terms Bilious, Lymphatic, ...
Pleurisy
Pleurisy (pleuritia), A Word Derived Immediately From The French Pie-stride, Which Comes From The Greek Saw/rees, And This Again From Vasopbr, The Side, Which Is Defined By Rufus Ephosius (` 1)o Corp. Hain. Part. Appell.; Pp. 30, 51, Ed. Clinch) To Mean Sae Tit Eri, Re Assrxilt0, "all That Part ...
Plica Polonica
Plica Polonica Is The Name Given To A Disease Which Is Chiefly Remarkable For The Sticking Together And Matting Of The Hair, And Which Is Peculiarly Frequent In Poland : A Few Examples Of It Have Been Met With In Tartary, Among The Lower Orders Of The Ruasians, And In ...
Plott
Plott • . That Pl . At The Plough Is An Instrument Of The Highest. Ty Is Apparent Both From The Oldest Writings That We Possess D From The Existing Monuments Of Efypt. We Might Exercise Our Imagination In Supposing A Probable Origin Of The Plough In The Branch Of ...
Plum
Plum. The Prunus Domestica Is Generally Considered As The Species Which Has Given Rise To The Numerous Varieties Of This Fruit ; But Both Pecans Insitilla And P. Spinosa Have Most Probably Contributed. These Species Are Indigenous To A Great Portion Of The Northern Hemisphere, Britain Included. Their Range May ...
Pluto
Pluto (rxoh_rder), More Frequently Called By The Greeks Hades Railinr), And By Tho Romans °rens And Pis, Was The Son Of Kronos And Rhea, And The Brother Of Zeus And Poseidon. He Was The Deity That Presided Over The Region Where The Departed Souls Of Men Were Placed: The Zeus ...
Plymouth
Plymouth, Devonshire, A Market-town, Seaport, And Municipal And Parliamentary Borough, Is Situated On The South Coast, At The Mouth Of The River Plym, In 50° 22' N. Lat., 4° 9' W. Long., Distant 42 Miles S.w. From Exeter, 216 Miles W.s.w. From Landonby Read, And 216 Miles By The Great ...
Pneumatics
Pneumatics. This Name Is Given To That Part Of Physics In Which Are Contemplated The Mechanical Properties Of Elastic Fluids, Principally Atmospheric Air. The Word Is Derived From 7134 Pa, Breath Or Spirit,' And Pneumatology Is A Term Which Was Once Applied To The Division Of Science Now Called Metaphysics. ...
Podlach Ia
Podlach Ia. [poemeo.] Podolia,or Kamenetz-podolsk, A Government Of European Russia, Formerly A Part Of Poland, Extends From 47° 25' To 49° 45' N. Pat., 26° 20' To 23° 50' E. Long. It Is Bounded N. By Volhynia, N.e. By Kiew, E. And S.e. By Kherson, S. By Bessarabia, From Which ...
Poet Laureate
Laureate, Poet, An Officer In The Lord Chamberlain's Department Of The Royal Household. The Appellation "laureate" Seems To Have Been Derived Through The Italian, From The Latin Taunts," A Bay," In Allusion To The Ancient Practice Of Crowning Poets. Petrarch Received The Crown At Rome In 1341, And Tasso In ...
Poetry
Poetry, In The Usual And Proper Signification Of The Word, Is Applied To Any Composition In Metre. It Designates The Outward Form, Not The Style Or The Subject-natter Treated. As, However, There Are Certain Subjects, Certain Feelings And Language, Which Belong To Good Poetry, A Prose Composition, In Which These ...
Point Of Contrary Flexure
Point Of Contrary Flexure. By This Term Is Understood A Point At Which A Curve Changes Its Curvature With Respect To Any Given External Point, Being Concave On One Side And Convex On The Other. [sea The Figure In Curve For Instances.] The Mathematical Test Of A Point Of Contrary ...
Poison
Poison. Separate Articles Having Been Devoted To Nearly All The Substances Which Are Destructive To Life When Taken By Accident Or Design, Or When Administered With A Criminal Intention, It Will Be Necessary Here Only To Consider The Subject Of Poisons Generally, Referring To The Articles Arsenic, Antimony, Copper, Mercury, ...
Poitiers
Poitiers, A Town In France, Capital Of The Department Of Vienne, Is Situated On A Rocky Hill On The Left Bank Of The Clain, A Feeder Of The Vienne, In 46° 34' 55" N. Lat., 0° 20' 31" E. Long., At An Elevation Of 387 Feet Above The Sea, 211 ...
Poland
Poland, A Portion Of The Once Powerful Kingdom Of The Tagellens, Which Now Constitutes A Vice-royalty And Forms An Integral Part Of The Russian Empire. It Consists Chiefly Of A Large Quadrangular Territory, From The North-eastern Angle Of Which A Long Narrow Tract, Forming Part Of The Government Of Augustovo, ...