Among other contemporary writers on political economy, may be mentioned, in England, John Stuart Mill, J. It. McCulloch, N. W. Senior, Thomas Tooke, G. R. Porter, Lord Brougham, Archbishop' Whately, C. Knight, William Ellis, Col. Torrens, and Lord Overstone. Many of these names will be found in their respective places in the Div. In France, Sismondi has written several works on political economy : 'De la Richesse des Nations, ou Nouveaux Principes d'Economie Politique;' and Etudes sur l'Economie Politique: which latter work contains many interesting facts, exhibited and commented upon in the usual attractive if not always strictly logical manner of the author. Ganilh published a general review of the principal systems of political economy : Des Systalmes d'Economie Politique, et do La Valeur comparative do lcurs Doctrines,' 2 vols. 8vo, 1821, a work well deserving a perusal, being written in a temperate spirit and un assuming tone. Frederick Bastiat, also, by numerous works, con tributed largely to the popularising of political economy in France ; and be has had many successors.
In Germany, Storeh published, in French, Cours d'Economie Politique; 6 vols., Petersburg, 1815, and also Betrachtungen fiber die Natur des Nationaleinkommens: Halle, 1825. Schmalze wrote Staatswirthschaftslehre; 2 vols., Berlin,1818; and Jakob, Grundsiitze der Nationalokonomie; Halle, 1825.
The Spaniards had two writers on political economy towards the end of the last century, Ulloa and Ustariz. The latter wrote Teorica y Practice de Cornercio y de Marina,' fol., Madrid, 1791.
Political economy has not been neglected in tho United States of North America, but few works, we believe, have yet been produced that have attracted much attention in Europe. Tucker's Laws of Wages, Profits, and Rent investigated,' and his Theory of Money and Banks investigated,' are valuable contributions to the science.
In Italy, the principal writer of the present century on political economy;-um Melehiorre Gioia of Pi:menses, who died hi 1821. Gioia was a jurist, a moralist, and a politician, as well as a political economist, aril a notice of his works and a short account of his life are given under his name in the Itiotinaeniest. Invmstox. Here, however, we shall dwell at more length upon his groat work on political economy, Nuevo Pruspetto dello Scions. Eoenoiniselic,' 6 vols. 4to, Milan, 1815-17. Gioia quotes most of the writers, Italian and foreign, who had preceded him, and endeavours to condense their various systems and opinions into a series of principles with their legitimate deductions. Ile lays down the following objects of the science :-1. To diminish the labonr and the time employed in the production, as well an to diminish the quantity of the raw elements employed ; in short, to produce with as little labour, time, and cost as possible. 2. To increase the quantity, perfection, and durability of the timings produced. 3. The means of obtaining the above results consist. in power, which is increased by capital, machinery, credit, association, distribution of labour, in inowledge of the moms to improve, and will or activity, which Is etrengthened by liberty, security, and enlightened opinion of the people in general. A great part of the work is in a tabular forum, with quota tion,' and original remarks. Speaking of the influence of the government
on the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth, Gioia notes a number of cases in which that influence may he useful, and a number of others in which it is injurious. Under the first head he reckons the construction of good nada, the distribution of courts of justice In such district, to save time and expense to suitors; the establishment of public libraries, consisting of useful books, of collections of natural history, and of philmophion instrument's, botanical gardens, ko. ; the foundation of gratuitous elementary schools in every commune, and of schools of arts and trades in every town ; freedom of the press ; the sending well-informed travellers into foreign countries to examine and report the discoveries and improvements made in each. Among the eases in which the influence of the government is injurious, Gioia reckon/m-1, too heavy taxation, which, by gradually diminishing the disposable capital, prevents its being employed in making improve ments ; 2, the grant of public tnoney to monastic establishments; 3, the unequal distribution of public burdens ; 4, the payment of the judges by fees on the causes which they decide, which is still the case In several countries of the Continent, instead of a fixed salary sufficient to place them above temptation ; 5, the inculcation or tole ration of popular superstition, false miracles, and impostors; 6, the tribunal of the Inquisition and other inquisitorial censorships, Index of forbidden books, le. Gioia is an advocate for large masses of pro perty, large manufactories, and great commercial cities. His exposition of the advantages of largo farms over small ones induced the govern ment of Piedmont to repeal the decree by which the rice-grounds belonging to the crown or the communes were to be parcelled out into small holdings. Gioia gives the preference to arts over agriculture, and he is the only one among the Italian political economists who has established the principle of the "association of labour" (as in the case of joint-stock companies) as an important source of wealth, and has descanted upon Its advantages. Gioia wrote also his Filosofia della Statistics; which may be considered as an appendage to his work on petition economy. (Gioia, in Brea. Div.] The other Italian writers on political economy in the present century are-1. Rossi, who in 1808 published a work Dell' Economia della Specie Umana,' 4 vols. 8vo. 2. Carlo Bosellini of Modena, who pub lished, in 1817,' Nuevo Esamo delle Sorgenti della Private e Pubblica Itiecheeza.' 3. Giuseppe Pecchlo, who wrote, 1,' Saggio Storico mull' Annninistrazione Finanziem ex-Regno d' Italia, dal 1802 al 1814,' London, 1826, in which he treated of various subjects connected with political economy ; 2, L'Anno Mille Ottocento Ventisci dell' Ingliii terra,' Lugano, 1827, in which ho treats of the commercial crisis which took place in England in 1826, and of its causes, effects, and remedies; 3,' Soria dell' Economia Pubblica in Italia,' Lugano, 1829, a work to which the writer of this article is mainly indebted for his account of the Italian writers on political economy. At the end of the work, I'esellio draws a parallel between the Italian and the English econo mists.