p. 199 (f.; Weber, ' Ind. i. 141, ff.; ' Anc. Sanskrit p. 138, 150 ft ; 1Vestergaard, Om de CEldste Tidsrwn i den indiske Historic; Copenhagen, 1860, p. 72 ff.) PAnini is not syateutatic, but indeed very arbitrary in his arrangement, which appears to have been adopted merely from the necessity which the object of attaining the greatest possible brevity imposed upon him. The whole of more modern Sanskrit grammar is founded on Panini, and at first grammarians were merely occupied in explaining and collecting him. Two ancient commeutaries by Katyhyana (who is also called Vararuchi) and by Patanjali, who in later times have themselves been copiously commented upon, are nearly as old as MIMI himself. In comparatively recent times, grammarians began to take some pains to reduce the ' to a system, and to compose grammars more in accordance with European notions. Here the ' must be particularly mentioned, which was written by Bhattojidlkshita about the year 1600, and has served as the foundation of a number of more modern works. (' SiddhAntakaumudf; Calcutta, 1812, 4to. ; Laghukaumudi; ibid, 1S27, and Mirzapore, 1849.) All these are _entirely occupied with teaching the grammatical forms, and it is only as opportunity offers that they give a few syntactical rules. Syntax, on the contrary, is developed in many distinct works, and is grounded on the logic of the Nyiya system, which is a proof of enlarged and correct views. So in like manner the different Pmkrit dirftects have been exhibited in their separate grammars. The oldest work of this kind is the grammar of Vararuchi, which belongs to the 4th century before Christ (the greater part of it published in Lassen 's Instit. Lingme the whole edited by Cowell, Hertford, 1854); it treats of the principal dialect and of the three others which are most nearly connected with it. He is followed by a series of later grammarians, who successively include within the limits of their works more of the inferior dialects. The most important of these grammarians is Heraachandm, a Jain. The canonical hooks of the Jains being written in the that language is regarded by them with peculiar interest.
Lexicography also had its origin as far back as the Vedas, for the necessity must soon have been felt of collecting and explaining the obsolete words. A work of this kind, entitled Nirukta,' (edited with commentaries, by IL Both, G.Rtingen, 1852) forms an essential part of the Vedas thernaelves. For the purpose of perfecting grammar, it was afterwards found necessary to make alphabetical lists of the verbal roots. The nouns, chiefly for the purpose of fixing the genders, were arranged by themselves, not alphabetically, bat according to the subjects to which they belonged. The chief work of this class, which has served as a foundation to all the later ones, is the Amarakosha Amarasioha ), which they have imitated even in their arrangement. AMARA, nn Blocs Div.] Next in celebrity and more complete than the bcfure-mentioned is from the 12th century (edited by Bochtlingk and Bleu, St. Peterb., 1847). None of these works, of which there are many, completely exhausts the treasures of the language.
Mare.—In like manner, the ruin-hymns, which were to be com mitted to memory, led to the consideration of the laws of metre, and treatises on metre have been ascribed to very early teachers of the Vedas. Hero also the more early essays, such as the NidAna-setraa of the SArna-Veda, have been superseded by a work which exhibited the subject as a complete system. I'ingaln, who is commonly considered to be the same as Patanjali, is said to be the author of it : this work, which, like the whole science, is called Chhandas, has been elucidated by numerous commentaries.
ilatic.—The theory of music has also been elaborated according to various systems, but in a strange manner, for the different notes and musical scales have been personified.
Of the musical sciences nothing has been printed except quotations from ' and from the works of Isvara, NArada, Pavan and Kalinatha in the commentaries to the dramas. But several treatises, such as the ' Sangitaratnakara ' by Sarngadeva, the ' Hagavibodha ' by Soma, the ' Sangitadarpana ' by Dlmodara, the ' Ithgarraha; exist at least in manuscript. (' Catal. Codd. 3ISS. Sanscr.
in Bibl. Oxford, 1859, p. 199-201.) See also copious Treatise on Metre (' Asiat. x.).
Rheloric.—To the philological sciences belongs also the Indian system of Mamie, or rather Poetry, in which the rnles for poetic composition are deduced, not from any principles of art, but from the existing classical works, with particular reference to the drama, the theory of which is extremely copious, and goes into the nicest distinctions. This theory belongs to a late period. There have been printed the ' by of Cashmere (Calcutta, 1820), and' by RavirAja (Calcutta, 1853), both of which belong either to the 12th or 13th century.
(Yvinniestarits.—In later times the Indian graminarians have occupied themselves in writing commentaries, particularly on the works belonging to the Vablie literature, to classic poetry, and to philosophy and grammar. The most important of the scholiasts with whom we are yet acquainted arc SAyana, 3lahldhara, Sankara, on the first mentioned, Mallinatha, on the more modem epic poems, and a host of others. The commentators have done good service in dxing and pure text, especially in the Vedas and the great epic poems. A philological school was established in Bengal, upon a directly opposite principle, for they began to make editions of classical works, in which most uncritically, according to European notions, they kept to the meaning, but took the liberty of entirely altering the expression. As we have before mentioned, they made such a recension of the ItAmlyana; as well as c.f the ' Sakuntala; and other dramas. N'opasleva, a grammarian of this school, in a similar mariner invented a new grammatical system, according to which he altered the technical expressions of Peuini, without in other respects varying in the smallest degree from this inethel. Mugdiralodha; Calcutta, 1826, St. Petersburg, 1847.) Asirestowy.—The oldest Indian astronomical documental are the calendars which are annexed to the Vedas, and which, according to Colebrooke, belong to the 13th century B.C., but any at least in their present form, of much more recent date. They include a solar year of 365 days, and are so composed as to determine it correctly. Ilere also we are unable to point out how the mathematical and astronomical sciences were gradually developed from such simple elements, as we possess them only in their perfected form. Assisted by the system of mutation which they discovered, the natives of India have been particularly happy in their methods of treating arithmetic and algebra, which have had such influence on their mathematical studies that they,,prefer oohing geometrical questions analytically, just as the Greeks. on the contrary, solved atithmetical questions by geometry. Lilivatl; by ithitekam, Calcutta, 182S; Colebrooko, Algebra of the Ilindooa," Calcutta, 1817, Ito.).