TEMESWAR. The southern part of the country formerly called Hungary, from the Danube and the Save on the south to near 46' N. lat. on the north, from Transylvania on the east to the Danube on the west, has been recently formed into a Crownland of the Austrian empire, called the Woiwoduchaft of Servia and Pemmican Banat. The Crownland comprises what used to be called the Banat of Temes war and the Bacaca. The total area of the Crownland is 10,6S6 square miles, and the population in 1851 was estimated at 1,380,757. The area and population are thus distributed among the 5 circles into which the Crownland is divided :— The Temeswar Banat comprises the districts of Torontal, Tenses, and Krassova, with certain portions of the Military Frontier towards Wallachia. It is bounded N. by the Maros, W. by the river Theiss and the Danube, S. by the Danube, and E. by the Cserna and the offsets of the Carpathians, which divide it from Little Wallachia and Transylvania. It is remarkable for great varieties of climate : in the eastern districts the snow on the high mountains and In the deep ravines never melte, and in other districts snow falls only in severe winters. A third part of the country, from the district of Kntssova and extending between the Mama and the Danube, east of the Karasch, is mountainous, and almost everywhere well watered.
The district of Torontal extends from the Mama along the Theiss, and comprises the lower parte of the basins of the Temes and the Bega. It is a country of vast plains and marshes, with a warm but not isalnbrious climate, and a very fertile soil The central part of the Banat comprises the circle of Tcmeswar, which is similar in soil and climate to the preceding, but lies nearer tho mountains.
The ground which has been gained by draining the morasses on the banks of the Theise and the Danube, and in the more elevated tracts by clearing the old forests, is extremely fruitful The principal points of the high mountains are Sarko, Ougu, Murarn, Godjan; on the lower mountains there are vast forests and fine pastures. Tho principal rivers are the Danube, Melee, Maros, which flow on the boundaries; the All.Bega, a feeder of the Theiss, which traverses part of the plain of Temeswar and Torontal : the Tenses, or Temesch, which rises in the high mountains on the eastern frontier, and flows north-west past Lngoi, thence westward, and then south-south-west through a vast plain intersected by marshes and woods to the Danube, which it enters by two months below Pancsova : the Bega, a feeder of the Temes, which flows northward from Mount Buska and joins the Tenses ou the right bank between Luger' and Temeawar : the Karaite, or Karat, which flows nearly south from the western slopes of the mono take; in the Krnssova district to its mouth in the Danube near Uj Palanka : the Nero, which drains the southern elopes of the samo mountains, and joins the Danube just below tho month of the Karaach : and the Comma, which rises in Little Wallachia and flows southward between high mountain ridges into the Danube on the frontier below Alt-Orsova.
Canals have been made to drain the marshes. Tho principal of these is the Begs Canal, 75 miles in length, which commences in the Krassra district, and after skirting the Bega, passes into the district sod through tho town of Temeewar. It then turns south-west, and traversing a great part of the plain of Torontal, it joins the Alt Begs above Nagy P,ekskerek. The Allibunas- marshes, between the Karasch and the Temesch, are drained by the Borzava Canal and some connected cute. By the draining of the marshes, tracts which were formerly sources of pestilential exhalations, are now covered with the finest corn-fields, or, where they have been imperfectly reclaimed, with crops of rice, and the salubrity of the country has been greatly improved. The protection which the mountains give against the east and north-east winds, and the mitigation which the north winds expe rience in traversing the great plain, raise the temperature to that of a southern country, and the rich soil yields abundant crops. The wheat and maize of the Banat are of the finest quality. Rice is extensively cultivated. Successful attempts have been made to cultivate cotton and silk, and in some parts a sweet wine is produced. Mineral springs are frequent, but little use is made of them. Only those of Mehadia, which were known to the Romans by the name of Thermas Herculia,' are still much resorted to, especially by the Wallachian and Moldavian nobles. About this place, as well as in other parts of the Banat, Roman antiquities are frequently found. The population of the Banat, which is coutinually increasing by the accession of foreign settlers, consists chiefly of Servians, Wallachiana, Rascians, Magyars, Bulgarians, Gipsies, Germans, Jews, and other foreign settlers. In the mountainous districts, the Wallachian language is pre valent; in the towns and colonised plains, the German ; and in the districts of the military frontier, the Illyrian. The natural produc tions are horses, horned cattle, swine, wheat, maize, rice, flax, hemp, tobacco, fruit, wino, woad, madder, saffron, silk, timber, honey : game of all kinds and fish abound. The minerals are gold, silver, copper, zino, and some iron. The gold is obtained by the Gipsies, by washing the sand of the rivers. The chief occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and the breeding of cattle. There are no manufactures of any importance. There are remains of Roman entrenchments from Uj-Palanka, on the Danube, all the way across the plain to the Marosch near Alt-Arad.