The Bacaca, or district of Bacs-Bodrogh, forms the western part of the Woiwodeschaft of Servia ; it lies between the Danube and the Theiss, the banks of the former river constituting its western and southern boundaries, and those of the latter its eastern. Its surface, with the exception of a semicircular and rather elevated plateau, arching to the south, between Szatanisits above Zombor and Maria Theresiopel, is an uninterrupted plain. The plateau just mentioned, termed the 'Teletskan Hills,' is situated immediately north of what are called the ' Lesser and Greater Roman Entrenchments,' which extend in a serpentine lino from Apatin near the Danube to Foldvar on the Thciss. Between these entrenchments and the Teletskan Hills runs the Baceca, or Franz Canal, which commences on the Danube, passes Zombor and Verbaaz, and joins the Theiss : it is nearly 70 miles in length, and has a breadth of 62 feet, and a depth varying from 4 to 6 feet. Vessels from 250 to 300 tons navigate it. The district contains no stream of note besides the Mosztonga, which flows with a sluggish current, forming numberless swamps in its course, into the Danube below Baca. There are several large sheets of water, such as the salt-lake of Polity, near Maria-Thereeiopel, and the adjoining lake Ludasto. The soil is in parts of such great natural fertility as not to require manuring; in others it is utterly arid and sandy : the latter is more especially the character of many districts around Maria-There slope], Madams, Ildja, and Monostor, and others in the northern part of the Basra. The productive portion of its surface is estimated at about 1,785,700 acres, of which nearly one-half is arable land. In conse quence of the swamps the climate is in general insalubrious. The country yields vast quantities of grain ; its wheat in particular is in great request, from the excellence of its quality, and it is exported in largo quantities. The vineyards occupy about 90,000 acres, and an abundance of wine is made in the neighbourhood of klaria-There siopel, Brija, Zambor, and the Frenzel] Canal. Fruit is largely pro duced ; hemp is cultivated to a great extent, sod good tobacco is raised. Madder and woad are grown near Apatin. Woods, parti cularly of oak, abound along the banks of the Danube. Fuel is scarce; the poor use straw, dried-rushes, and cattle-dung as a substitute. The district contains above 550,000 acres of pasturage, on which cattle, horses, and sheep in considerable numbers and of excellent breeds are reared.
The Crownland comprises also the Syrmian districts of Rums and Illok, which lie between the Danube and the Save, and were formerly included in Slavonia. (Cnoarre.) The limits given to it in this article comprise also a portion of the Military Frontier; but this is under the peculiar government of that portion of the empire as ex plained under MILITARY FRONTIER. According to the decree issued on the formation of this Crownland, the emperor is styled the Grand Woiwode of Servia, and the actual governor of the Crownland takes the title of Vice-Weisel:Air. The governor is assisted by a miuisterial commission and a native administrative council. Temeswar is the capital of the Crownland.
Towns.—Temeswar, the capital formerly of the Banat and now of the whole Woiwodeschaft of Servia, is situated in 45' 45' N. lat., 21° 20' E. long., on the Bega Canal, and has 20,300 inhabitants. It is one of the strongest fortresses and one of the handsomest and most regular towns in the whole Austrian empire. When Prince Eugene took it from the Turks In 1718, strong fortifications were erected, and the town was built in the modern style. The inner town, or fortress, is surrounded with triple walls and moats, and consists of largo uniform stone houses, in straight, broad, well-paved streets.
There are three gates, which are defended by strong blockhouses. The auseanates are capable of containing 3000 men. Temeswar is the «rot of the Roman Catholic bishop of and of the schis matic Greek bishop of Tenieswer: here too are the superior courts of Judiee fur the Crewels:ad and the offers of the governor, a military academy, a great arsenal, and many other dikes connected with the administration. The most remarkable buildings are, the old castle of John Hunyady, the fine Gothic cathedral of St. George, the cathe dral of the schismatic Greeks, the Roman Catholio parish church, the churches of the Merida. and of the seminary; the elegant residence of the Bishop of Csanad, the remarkably floe building iu which the chapter reside., the house of the oommander of the military frontier on the parade, the large and handsome county-hall in the great square, the barracks, the military and civil hospitals, the synagogue, and the Reacian town-hall, which contains a theatre and assembly-rooms.
Tomeswer has three suburbs, one before each gate, at the distance of 300 paces, with fine avenues of trees leading to them. Before the Vienna gate Is the suburb 3lichals, inhabited by Wallachia:is, who hare their own churches, and whose occupations are agriculture and the breeding of cattle. Before the Peterwerdein gate is Josephstadt, as extremely pleasant suburb, with very broad straight streets, and trees planted in front of the bonne& The inhabitants of this suburb are Ges-msus. The tine Begs Canal passes through the middle of this suburb, and communicates with the Danube. Before the Transyl vania gate lies the ms.nufacturieg suburb, eo called from the great manufactories that were formerly established here, but most of which were broken up in 1733, when a Turkish war was apprehended. In this suburb there is a hydraulic engine, by means of which water is conveyed in iron pipes underground into the fortress. There is a con siderable trade at Temeswar in the productions of the country, and come manufaotures of cloth, paper, iron-wire, and silk. Under the walls of Temeswar, the Magyar insurgeuts were utterly and finally defeated by the Austrians uudor Marshal Haynnu, August 9, 1849.
Legos, or Legoscia, capital of the circle of the eanio name and of the Kraviora district, is situated about 20 miles E. from Temeswar, on the Tomes, which divides the town into two parts, one of which on the left bank is Inhabited chiefly by Germans, while the part on the right bank is Inhabited chiefly by Wallachians and Rascians. The population is about 10,000.
Becskerct, or rather Gross Becsksrek, chief town of the circle of that name and of the district of Torontal, is situated on the Dept, a little below the junction of the Bega Canal. It is a place of some trade, and has about 12,000 inhabitants.
Zembor, in the Bacaca, is situated on the Mosztunka, near the Franzen Canal and the Danube, by means of which it carries on some trade in corn and cattle. It has important silk manufactures and about '22,090 inhabitants, mostly Illyrians. The town is the scat of a Greek bishop, has several Catholic and Greek churches, and a gymnasium.
Nessatz, also on the Bacsca, is situated nearly opposite Peterwardeiu, on the left bank of the Danube, and has about 20,000 inhabitants, who trade extensively on the Danube, the Theirs, and the Save, with the principalities and the froutier provinces of Turkey. Tho town, which is inclosed by walls, and is joined to Petenvardein by a cause way and a bridge of boats, has numerous churches belonging to Catholics, Greeks, and Armenians, a synagogue, a gymnasium, and several special schools. Danube steamers put in at Neusatz.