The habeas lived in the upper valley of the river Sperehelus, being separated from the Dulopes by the hill, of Tymphreatus and Othrys. !hey were also called (Deans from their position on the slopes of Mount (Eta. They were a tribe of great antiquity and of some importance, as appears from the fact of their belonging to the Amphietyonie council. Their origin is uncertain, and they made many migrations from one part of Theas.aly to another. Their chief town was llypato, on the banks of the Spereheius.
The Maims were the most southern tribe connected with Thessaly. They occupied principally the shores of the Malin Gulf (the Bay of Zitun), from the pass of Thertnopylte on the south to the northern boundary of the Valley of the Spercheius. Their country is generally flat; the plains in some parts are extensive, iu others narrow, where they are confined ou one side by the shores of the Maliac Gulf, and on the other by the mountains of Trachinia. They were always a warlike people. The Amphietyonic council was held in their country, and the Malian,' are included in the lists of the Amphictyonic states. They always maintained friendly relations with the Dorians of Lace dxnion. The principal towns of the Malians were—Anticyra, at the mouth of the Spereheius; it was said to produce the genuine helle bore, considered by the ancients as a cure for insanity. Lancia, 4 or 5 miles N. of Antieyra; it was celebrated as the scene of the Lamiau war, carried on between the Athenians and their confederates against the Macedonians under Antipater; on its site is the modern Zituu. Tradia (the 'rough ') was ao called from the mountainous character of the surrounding country; it was once the chief town of the Trachinians, who were always in close alliance with the Dorians. In later times Ileraclea was the most important town of Traehinia. It was a colony from Lacedremon, founded (n.e. 426) at the request of the Trachistians, about 3 miles from the sea. Their object in making the request was to gain additional strength against the "Enianes, or (Eteaus, with whom they were at war. It soon became an object of jealousy with the other Thessalian tribes. it was seized by Jason of Therm, who caused the walls to be pulled down; but it again became a flourishing city under the .iEtolians, who sometimes held the general council of their nation there. It sustained a long siege from the Roman consul Acilius Glalnio,.after the defeat of king Antiochus at Thermopylm (uc. 191). The surrounding country was marshy and woody, but the vestiges of the city itself are observable on a high flat on the roots of Mount (Eta. On the coast of Traehis, close to the mouth of the small river Asopus, which runs through a gorge in the mountain inclosing the 'rrachinian plain, was the village of Anthele, near to which was the temple of the Atnphietyonic Ceres, and the place of meeting of the Amphietyons. 'Ibis locality was also famous
tor the celebrated Pass of Thermopylce.
Magnesia is a country physically distinct from Thessaly, but iu historical times was subject to it, and politically included within it. It is a narrow strip of country between the mouth of the Penens and the Pagasxan Bay on the north and south, with the chain of Pelion and Gssa on the west, and the sea on the east. The people of this district were called Magnetos, and they were iu possession of it from very early times. Iliad,' ii. 756.) They were an Amphictyonie state. The extreme northern point of Magnesia was Mount a limb of Ossa, celebrated by the poets as the abode of the ancient Centaurs and Lapithx, and a favourite haunt of the god Pan. (Virgil, '"Egueid,' vii. 674.) To the south, at the foot of Ossa, was Meli bcra, a town on the coast, ascribed by Homer (' Iliad, ii. 716) to Philoetetes. Still farther south was the promontory of Sepias, off which the fleet of Xerxes was wrecked. Beyond the southern pro montory of Magnesia, now called Hsgios Georgios, the coast takes a south-westerly direction to the entrance of the ragasocan Bay, the Gulf of Vole. Among the principal towns of Magnesia were lolcos, Demetrias, and Aphette. /o/cos was a place of great antiquity, and the birthplace of the mythological hero Jason and his ancestors. It was situated at the foot of l'elion, near the small river Anaurns : it was once a powerful city. Pagaste, the port of lolcos, and afterwards of Phut; was famed in Grecian story as the harbour from which the ship Argo set sail on her voyage to Colehis : the name, according to Strabo p. 436), was derived from the number of springs near it. The site is nearly uccupied by the present castle of Volo. 'oleos no longer existed iu the time of Strabo. Denial-ie., founded by Deme trius Polioncetes about B.C. 290, soon became a flourishing city, and was one of the most important fortresses in Greece, being well situated for defending the approaches to the Pass of Tempe, both on the side of the mountains and of the plains. its maritime position also contributed to its importance. After the battle of Cynoscephaleo it became the chief town of the Magnsaion republic, and the seat of government; subsequently it was Attached to the house of Macedon, until the battle of Pydna, when it fell under the Itomaus. (Livy, xliv. 13.) Many ruins mark its site.