The iseeend and third natural divisions have the common name of Eastern Tibet, or Tibet proper. Eastern Tibet is subject to China. Kiser and Ketch' are an immense table-land, some parts of which UV 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. This table-land however Is not a level plain. It is a country traversed by chains of mountains, which hay* a height varying from 3000 to 4000 feet above their base, or from 13,600 to 14,000 feet above the sea. The middle part seems to be lees elevates' than the boundaries, as the country contains several rivers which terminate in the tableland; and the southern and western parts are higher than the eastern and northern parts, the direction of the greater number of those rivers being from the west to the east, and from the south to the north.
The aspect of the southern and eastern parts of Tibet proper, is very different from that of Khor and Katchi. It is traversed by numerous ranges of lofty monntaios, the direction of which is from west to east and from north-west to south-east. From these ranges lateral trenches run ont in different directions, and contain deep valleys between them. In proportion as the principal chains advance towards the south-east, they converge towards one another, and thus the valleys between them gradually become narrower, until at last, on the frontiers of Yunnan and Burma, they are mere mountain-passes. On this spot there are four parallel valleys, traversed by four of the greatest rivers of the world, and tha breadth of these four valleys together seems not to be more than 100 miles. But the range of the mountains of Ngari and Dzang diverges from the Himalaya; and the valley between them, which is traversed by the Dzangbo, becomes broader as it advances towards the east. The chain .which, in the south-eastern corner of Tibet, separates the Kincluekiang in the east from theng-kiang in the west, has the name of Ning-tsing than, or the summits of which are covered with perpetual snow. The height of the mountains in southern and eastern Tibet is much greater than in the northern and central parts of the country, and the whole tract towards China, Nepaul, and Bootan, is an Immense alpine country. Several passes in the Mang-li Mountains are from 10,000 to 11,000 feet above the sea; the region of perpetual snow seems to begin at 12,500 feet, and the number of summits which have an absolute elevation of above 12,600 feet must be very COD. sidersble. Some of them probably attain the height of 26,000 feet above the sea. The extent of the Mang-li Mountains between Bathang on the Kincha-kiang, and Tsiamdo on the Lang-tean-kiang, according to the Chinese itineraries, is 1405 li, of 250 to a degree. All this country is intersected by deep valleys and chasms. The summits of the mountains are covered with perpetual snow, and the traveller crosses the chasms by means of bridges, which are enveloped in the clouds. The mountains north of the Mang-li, around the sources of the Lan tean.kiang, in the province of Tslamdo, are no less elevated. A very'
extensive range begins at Mount Kailaea in the Himalaya, and stretches to the east as far as 90° E. long. These are the mountains of Ngari and Dung, the most western part of which Is called Gangdisri, or the country of the snow mountain,. At the beginning of this western most part, and in the north-eastern part of the province of Ngari, is situated the celebrated Mount Kellam, or Oneuta, which is said to be higher than the Dhawaligiri. The Kellam is steep on all sides, and is 1401i (above 50 miles) in chcumference; its summit is always covered with snow, and the water tumbles down from It in cataracts into the surrounding valleys. East of the Kailase are situated four mountains, or perhaps gronpe of mountains, the K'habhablis, each of which resembles a different animal. The length of these four mountains is said to be 800 11 (300 miles), and with respect to the valleys which begin at their foot and stretch in different directions, they resemble Mount St. Oothard in Switzerland.
Paten—The sources of the D:angbo, or San-poo, are on the east stale of the Whabhabbs, in the province of Ngari. Its complete name is Yaruelzangbo-tau, that is, the pore frontier river of the west.
According to the Chinese geographers, the source of the Dzangbo is on Mount Tamteiogh, in 10' N. lat., 81' 55' E. long. It flows in an east-south-eastern direction, through the whole of southern Tibet, a distance of about 700 miles, and waters the provinces of Ngari, Dean& and Wei. The valley of this river is formed by the Himalaya on the south, and the mountains of Ngari and Dzang on the north.
The country through which it flews being very extensive, and all the mountains being eosered in winter with snow, of which an immense quantity melts in the summer, the volume of water in this river must be very considerable. The tributary river* of the Dzengbo, on its left, or northern side, are—the Nankelmngbo; the Dzang-tau, or Galdjaomunre, which has Its eouress about 200 miles to the north teat near II'Leas, and which is sometimes confounded with the Daengbo itself. Then are five considerable rivers between the Nauk dassigbo and the Daiantteu. The tributary rivers on the right or southern side are—the Guyang, which has its source near Mustang, in the Himalaya, and the Pal-nom-tau, or Punng-dze, along which Turner travelled, from its source at Phari to its junction with the Dzangbo, and which has a fine iron bridge of thirteen arches. An iron suspen sion-bridge Is thrown over the Dzangbo, south of H'Lassa, on the great road from the west to this town. The course of the Dzangbo is known as far as a point which is situated about 100 miles east of It'Lesse. It has been conjectured that the Brahmaputra is the con tinuation of the Dzangbo linianusetrrne], but according to Klaproth the continuation of the Dzengiso Is the Irewaddy. The Nu-kiang is a northern tributary of the Dzangbo.