The declared value of British and Irish produce and manufactures exported during the same year (1860) was 135,842,8171. This does not include the foreign and colonial articles re-exported, which amounted in declared value to 5,136,652/. The chief articles were apparel and slops, to South Africa, Australia, other British possessions, and to foreign countries, 2,156,3481. Beer and ale, of which the East Indies, Australia, and the United States were the chief consumers, 1,863,998/. Printed books, 494,915/. Butter, 633,2801. Cheese, 118,859/. Coals and culm, 3,321,539/., of which France took 566,1091. Cotton (woven), 40,342,8191., of which the Haase towns took 1,191,7031. ; Turkey, 2,789,954/. ; Egypt, 1,045,9881.; the United States, 3,848,750l.; foreign West Indies, 1,062,9651.; Brazil, 2,300,101L; China, 3,157,359l.; Java, 1,057,617/.; British North America, the West Indies, and South Africa, 1,528,106/.; the East Indies, 10,518.0941., no other country reaching to a million ; while other cotton manufactures, such as lace, net, stockings, counterpanes, and small wares, and sewing thread, were exported to the value of 1,795,593/., and cotton yarn to the amount of 9,875,0731. Earthen. ware and porcelain, 1,440,998/. Glass-flint, window, bottles, and plate, 653,2241. Haberdashery and millinery, 4,011,2771. Hardware and cutlery, 3,772,035/. Leather, tanned and manufactured, 2,129,0941. Linens (woven), 4,432,823/., with thread lace, thread and tapes, 369,380l, and linen yarn, 1,800,9271. Machinery, including steam-engines, 3.825,3611. Metals :-iron, including pig, bar, railway, wire, cast, wrought of all kinds, and steel, 12,158,355/.; copper, of all sorts. including brass, 3,001,992f.; lead, of all sorts, 699,648/. ; tin and tin plates, 1,862,1501., of which the United Staters took 1,018,0561. Oils, from seeds, 1,132,3241. Silk, manufactured, 1,577,001l.; with thrown silk and silk twist and yarn, 822.291L Soap, 249,8761. Soda, 982,9061.
Spirits, British, 286,651/. Stationery, 720,721/. Sugar, refined, 239,762/. Telegraphio wire and apparatus, 250,655/. Wool, 868,7811. Woollen cloths and other manufactures, 12,192,861/., for which the United States were the largest customers, though the dispersion is pretty general ; and woollen and worsted yarn, 3,843,3961.
Shipping.-This enormous trade requires a corresponding amount of shipping. In 1860, there were entered inwards with cargoes 20,104 British ships, of an aggregate burden of 5,762,464 tone, an average of 286 tons each ; and 18,270 foreign vessels of 4,292,823 tons, an average of 235 tons ; an increase of both British and foreign over the years 1858 and 1859: and there were cleared outward with cargoes 23,713 British ships, of an aggregate burden of n,359,103 tons, an average of 260 tons each ; and 20,777 foreign ships of 4,425,433 tona,an average of only 205 tons. The greatest number of foreign ships was that of the Danes, 2957 entered inward, and 3362 cleared outwards; the Nor wegians sent 2862 vessels, and cleared out 1746 ; but the shallow waters of the Baltic necessitate the use of small ships, so that the tonnage of the two inwards was only 929,483, outwards 677,605 tons, an average of only 140 tons each. The largest amount of tonnage is
by the United States, who entered 1,361,021 tons in 1417 ships ; and cleared out 1,367,988 tons, in 1456 ships, an average of 945 tons each. Inwards Russia sent. 435 ships of 125,612 tons ; Sweden, 1119 ships of 181,755 tons ; Prussia, 1795 ships of 425,436 tons; Mecklenburg and Oldenburg, 722 ships of 144,088 tons ; Hanover, 970 ships of 81,196 tons, an average of only 84 tons ; the Hans() Towns, 580 ships of 212,006 tons ; Holland, 1501 ships of 185,098 tone ; Belgium, 257 ships of 54,166 tone; France, 2187 ships of 186,524 tons ; Spain, 244 ships of 67,048 tons ; Portugal, 147 ships of 33,638 tons; Sardinia and Sicily, 493 ships of 118,914 tons ; Austria, 467 ships of 152,058 tons ; Greece, 59 ships of 16,125 tons ; other European countries, 38 ships of 12,280 tons; and other countries in America, Asia, and Africa, 20 ships of 6355 tons. Outwards there wero cleared, in addition to those men tioned above, from Russia, 396 ships of 116,991 tons ; Sweden, 1163 ships of 185,192 tons; Prussia, 1595 ships of 350,088 tons ; Mecklen burg and Oldenburg, 905 ships of 100,222 tons ; Hanover, 1E66 ships of 134,919 tons ; Haase Towns, 867 ships of 290,788 tons ; Holland, 1756 ships of 260,050 tons ; Belgium, 262 ships of 59,102 tons ; Franco, 4068 ships of 430,440 tons, a remarkable difference from those entered Inwards; Spain, 221 ships of 61,383 tons ; Portugal, 143 ships of 81,021 tons ; Sardinia and Sicily, 553 ships of 139,301 tons ; Austria, 501 ships of 163,091 tons ; Greece, 94 ships of 15,684 tons; other European countries, 44 ships of 15,684 tons; and other countries in America, Asia, and Africa, 19 ships of 6081 tons.
The coasting-trade, including that between Great Britain and Ire land, is even larger in amount of tonnage; but as the return gives the repeated voyages when entered or cleared with cargoes, the number of ships employed is not shown, but only the number of voyages made. These, in 1850, were, inwards, 153,782, and the aggregate burden was 17,003,411 tons, of which only .102,223 tons came in 666 foreign bottoms. Outwards there were cleared 157,419 ships of 17,014,399 tons, of which 644 foreign vessels carried 100,056 tons.
The total number of registered ships in 1860, not including river steamers, was 20,019, of an aggregate burden of 4,251,739 tons ; of these 929 were steamers of 399,494 tons burden. The number of men employed in these vessels was 171,592, exclusive of masters. The total number of vessels built and registered in the year was 1016 of 211,968 tons burden, of which 198 were steamers of 53,796 tons burden.