.Milan.-The mark is 3627 grains. The pound senile is '7206 pounds averdupois ; the pound grease is pounds averdupois. The moggio (32 quartari) is bushels. The brenta(l2 quartari) is 1511 gallons. The braccio is inches. The metrical system is also introduced, with Italian names.
Naples.-The pound for gold and silver is 4950 grains. The canter° gross° is 196.5 pounds averdupois, the cantaro piccolo 106 pounds aver dupe's. The tomolo is P407 bushels. The barite is gallons. The pahno is 10.38 inches. The moggio is 3 roods 12 perches.
Nctherlands.-Sinee 1820 the French metrical system has been in use, with Flemish names.
Portugal.-The mare is 351P5 grains. The commercial pound is 1'0119 pounds averdupois. The moyo is bushels. The almude is 3.6407 gallons. The foot is inches.
Pruccia.:—(New system, established 1816.) The Cologne* marc is 3609 grains. Two mares are a commercial pound, or 1.0311 pounds averdupois. The scheffel is bushels. The eimer is 15.11 gallons. The foot is 12.356 inches ; the ell, two-thirds of a metre. The morgen, or acre, is 2 roods 21 perches.
Rome.—The pound is 5234 grains, or .7477 pound averdupois. The rubbio (4 quarte) is 8.1012 bushels. The barite (32 boceali) is 12.841 gallons. The foot is 1112 inches. The builders canna, of 10 palms, is inches.
Ruscia.—There is but one pound, .9026 of a pound averdupois. The pood is 36 lb. averdupois. The chertwert is 5/698 bushels. The vedro is 21048 gallons. The inch is the English one; the arshine is 28 inches ; the foot is 131 inches ; but the English foot is in common use. The dessetina is 2 acres, 2 roods, 32 perches.
Saxony.—For gold and silver, the Cologne mare. The commercial pound is lb. averdupois. The Dresden wispel (24 scheffels) is 69'85 bushels ; the Leipzic wispel, 91/47 bushels. The Dresden eimer is 14.89 gallons ; the Leipzic eimer gallons. The Dresden foot is inches ; the Leipzic foot is 11•13 inches. The acre is 1 acre, 1 rood, 18 perches.
Sicily.—The pound is 7 pounds averdupois. The cantaro grosso is 192.5 pounds averdupois ; the cantaro sottile is 175 lb. averdupois. The !alma grossa is 9.46 bushels ; the salma generale 7.59 bushels. The mama of wine is 19.23 litres. The palmo is 9.5 inches.
Smyrna.—The chequee is 4958 grains. The rottolo is pounds averdupois. The killow is 11.3 gallons. The pike is 27 inches.
Spain.—The Castilian marc for gold and silver is 4800 grains. The commercial pound is 1.0144 pounds averdupois. The fanega is 1.55 bushels. The arroba of wine is 3.538 gallons. The foot ie 11.128 inches : the Tara is inches. The fanegada (for corn land) is 1 acre, 21 perches.
Sweden.—The Mint mare is 3252 grains. The commercial pound' is lb. averdupois. The dry tunna is bushels ; the liquid tunna is 48 kanns of '5756 gallons each. The foot, or half-ell, is 11.684 inches. The tunneland is 1 acre, 35 perches.
United States.—The weights and measures are those of England before the late alterations.
Venice—The mare for gold and silver is 3681.5 grains. The pound peso grosso is 1'0518 lb. averdupois. The pound peso sottile is '664 pound averdupois. The stajo is 2-2 bushels. The anfora is 114.1 gallons. The braccio for woollen is inches ; for silk, 24'8 inches. The foot is inches.
We now proceed to the weights and measures of the ancients, taking first the relations of the various denominations to one another, and afterwards the fundamental comparisons of their values with the modern weights and measures.
The Romans had a mode of dividing the as or libra which they transferred upon occasion to any unit. The whole, whether an as or anything else, consisted of twelve uncim, so that the uncia be came little more than a name for the twelfth part. The division stood thus— The libra of weight was thus subdivided :-3 siliqum, one obolus ; 2 oboli, one scrupulum ; 4 scrupula, one sextula ; 6 scrupula, one sici Beim ; 8 scrupula, one duella ; 3 duellic, one uncia; 12 uncial, one libra. In later times the uncia was divided into 8 drachma' of 3 scrupula each. This mode of dividing en integer into 288 scrupula runs through other branches of their system, and is also used in sub division of a unit. The obolus in the preceding system rather belongs to a later period in which the Greek divisions were introduced, the ounce being made 8 drachmas of 3 scrupula or 6 oboli each. The uncia appears (as otyy(a) in the later Greek writers.