ARCHITECTURE.
Monastic dwelling in those regions which we have just been considering also derived its form from Roman models. A remarkable plan of the cloister of St. Gall, which was erected during the Carlovingian period, has descended to our day: this plan, which is represented on a reduced scale on Plate 39 (fig. t), distinctly testifies to its Roman origin. At the same time, it shows us a small, systematically laid-out city, with its churches, schools, official residences, hostelries, industrial establishments, etc. ; it represents in addition the interior arrangements of the houses, at least in their general features. The most considerable consist of several apartments, disposed similarly to those of the Roman abode in that the well-lighted main building is surrounded by small dark chambers. Antechambers or halls and upper stories also occur. Kitchen, dining- and storage-rooms, apartments for servants, bath-rooms, etc., which since that time have been united under one roof, are still, however, in accordance with ancient Teutonic usage, located in separate buildings. Occasionally such individual parts of a dwelling are united by covered walks, but even in such cases each has its own place of exit, without any organic connection with the rest.
The dwelling of the abbot (No. 3) consisted of two buildings, which, like the other establishments, were separated from the rest by a fence, and are known only from the description attached to constitute a single homestead. The special place of abode of the abbot himself is divided into a sitting-room and a bed-chamber; the latter contains several beds, besides that of the abbot, for the accommodation of guests. Each apart ment contains au arrangement for heating the room—whether stove or fireplace cannot be decided from the drawing.
As additional advantages this house possessed a second story, and an arcade which extended along both sides, but probably did not reach higher than the top of the lower story. Light was admitted, as in the Roman dwelling, through an opening in the roof; where additional stories ren dered this impossible the opening for the door served this purpose. The opening in the roof, indeed, was an advantage not possessed by the lesser buildings; for example, the dwelling-places of the servants. To keep out the rain the opening was protected by the well-known " tortoise shell " (p. 207). Only in those chambers in which monks were busy
transcribing manuscripts were there windows—probably simple openings in the wall—to which attention is called in the marginal notes on the original plan. The roofs were nearly flat; already, however, so con structed as to shed the rain toward the outside.
In the guest-house for the reception of the nobility we find a hall-like passage (No. 7), which led into a spacious apartment serving both as a reception- and a dining-room, in the centre of which a large cooking hearth was situated. Four sleeping-rooms, capable of being heated, chambers for the servants, and stables for the horses abutted on the side of the principal edifice. A special kitchen, bakery, brewery, etc., which are also seen repeated in other parts of the cloister, were placed at some distance (No. 12). Besides this division, there was another for the accommodation of poorer travellers and pilgrims, more simply fitted up, and a place of sojourn for travelling monks, containing beds and sleeping apartments; this latter (No. S) was close to the principal church (No. 1).
No. 2 shows the cells of the monks; No. 4, schools for the children of the laity: these apartments, illuminated from above, consisted of two large school-rooms and twelve surrounding studies. No. 5 indicates the position of the chapel of the novices; to the right are dwellings and school-rooms for this class of inmates, while on the left side were situated the infirmary and physician's apartments.
The space indicated by a cross was the cemetery, in which ornamental and useful trees were planted; on the right side, and extending as far as the cemetery, were the kitchen-gardens, the gardener's dwelling, and the poultry-yard. No. 9 shows a large structure containing the barn, drying room, and mill. No. to indicates a series of stalls for domestic animals, and also bed-chambers for their keepers. No. II represents a similar building for the accommodation of mechanics. The cellar, indicated by two rows of large and small casks, was situated immediately beneath the cells. Underneath the rest of the buildings was placed a library, with the above-mentioned copyists' rooms, the dwellings of the porter, the al moner, etc.