DON'S hung in two equal widths and to the opposite side posts of jambs of the frame are called folding-doors, or double-margined, and they are necessarily similar. They are most frequently used in the interior con struction of dwellings and the entrances of relatively large edifices. Partly for ornamental purposes, but more especially to reduce to the lowest attain able point the inconveniences arising from shrinkage—which is one of the greatest defects of wooden material—doors are panelled to the extent of using two, four, six, eight, or in some cases even ten, panels. Consider able care is'requisite in hanging a door in the best manner. Special efforts should be made to establish a proper relation between the door and the hinges, as it is necessary that the various parts should be accurately fitted; otherwise, movements will be obstructed and the hinges injured. One of the difficulties is to make doors clear a carpet and yet be close to the bot tom when shut. The best method of avoiding annoyance from this source is to attach a piece .of wood about one-fourth of an inch thick to the part of the floor immediately under the door when it is shut. The successful working of doors may be facilitated by the use of various forms of improved hinges, one of which is known as the rising, or skew-but, hinge. It is so arranged that if more than half opened the door goes to the walls, and if less than half opened it closes itself.
I 1 dozcs. —The arrangement of windows, sashes, shutters, and shutter fastenings has been subjected to a number of variations. In English nomenclature the upright sides of the outside frame of a sash are designated "styles," and the transverse or horizontal parts are called " rails." The inner framework or divisions for the panes are called " upright " and " cross " bars, but the latter titles are subject to modifications based on variations in moulding. Sashes are either hung upon hinges or hung with lines, pulleys, and weights. When hung with hinges, they are usually called " casements." Sashes hung with lines require cased frames to receive the pulleys and weights. In the arrangement of sash-frames great accuracy and skilful workmanship, as well as the selection of superior material, are necessary, to produce satisfactory results. There are few things in dwellings more subject to decay, disorder, and disarrangement than appliances used in lowering and raising windows.
In constructing sash-frames the sill is generally made of durable mate rial; the sides are made of boards grooved to receive a parting bead; the ends of these boards are fixed into the upper surface of the solid sill below, and into a board parallel to the sill which forms a head above, and they are called " pulley-pieces " because they receive pulleys let into them near their upper ends. Lining-s are nailed on the edges of the pulley-pieces and to the sill and head above and below, inside and outside. The casing is com
pleted by fixing thin linings on the outer edges of the outside and inside linings, parallel to the pulley-pieces, to prevent obstruction to the free movement of the weights, and devices are adopted for facilitating the con venient removal of sashes. The fitting of sashes is postponed until the frames are immovably fixed, for the purpose of making due allowances for inaccuracies in the frames. After the sashes are fitted, a plough-groove of proper dimensions to receive the sash-line is made in the edges of about two-thirds of the length of the styles. Subsequently a sash is weighted; two weights are selected which together nearly amount to a counterpoise, and by either of several methods the sash-line is attached and arrangements are completed for conveniently raising or lowering the sash.
Window-shutters are usually framed in a style corresponding to that of the doors and other framed work of the room to which they belong. A variety of methods of constructing-, fastening, and arrang,ing shutters has been adopted, and details are subject to numerous changes from time to time in many localities.
are structures designed for the support of bells. Formerly they were invariably made of wood, but now they are frequently constnicted of iron. For the wooden bell-frame, an example of which is given in Fig ure 36 (fi/. 3), it may be remarked that good well-seasoned timber is abso lutely necessary, and the whole joining must be so carried out that no dis placements nor sagging can result from the swinging of the bell. The shape of the bell-frames must depend upon the number of the bells and the man ner in which they are arranged, as well as upon the very limited amount of space that cau usually be devoted to them in the towers in which they are erected. In making them, the builder avails himself of sills, posts, plates, braces, and struts, as in other works of carpentry. These pieces— which are not only mortised together, but are also bolted and armed with iron at the joints—form collectively the frame for the support of the heavy wooden bell-yoke, which rests in sockets. The beam is generally com posed of two or three timbers fastened one upon the other by iron straps and dowels. The bell itself is fastened to the yoke by strong iron bands. On the lowest part of the beairr are the iron trunnions, resting in collars, thus enabling the bell to be turned or swung. Many plans have been pro posed for obviating the injurious effects of the swinging of the bell, the best being to bring the suspension as nearly as practicable above the level of the trunnion, thus obtaining a more elevated position for the centre of gravity of the bell by the use of an iron yoke turned upward in a curve. Figure 36 OS/. 3) is taken from Romberg's work Die kunst, and shows the bell-frame in Saint Thomas's Church at Leipsic.