At Sta. Maria in Capitolo at Cologne there is at the centre of the cross a semicircular dome out of which the arches of the choir, nave, and tran septs cut large sections, and similar domes with abscissas are above the separate parts of the transepts and chancel, which are bounded by trans verse arches. Cross-vaulting could only be arranged regularly over square spaces; the middle aisle or nave, which had double the width of the side-aisles, must therefore be divided into bays corresponding to two bays of the side-aisles. This demanded an alternate arrangement of the pillars, and this again necessitated a variety of details to bring the spring ing of the vaulting, its highest point, and the diagonal arches which lay between the transverse vaults, into visible relationship with the support ing ground. It was a similar case to that of the Baths of Diocletian and ether structures of classical Roman times, where the springing of the vaulting was denoted by Corinthian columns and fragments of entablature.
At the Cathedral of Speyer the proportion was quite different.. The side-walls of the nave were almost doubled in height ; the vaulting of this part of the building could not, therefore, be directly carried on detached pillars, and the method adopted was to attach to the face of the pillars a half-column which ran from the pavement to the springing of the vault ing, and also received the transverse arches. This half-column is a feeble reminiscence of the columns of the antique buildings. On account of continued additions and the numerous restorations which the Cathedral of Speyer underwent from the twelfth to the fifteenth century (a great part of the nave was rebuilt after its destruction by the French in 16S9), we can only speak of the general arrangement of this structure; yet we can assert that in the design, which was systematically and harmoni ously arranged, there speak out an earnestness and a dignity in which we see attained a new ideal of a church. We see here a reflection of that prominent ideal of the age which thirsted intensely after rest and peace through perpetual meditation. Even the exterior of the structure bespeaks this ideal.
Majestic peace is stamped on this magnificent monnment, solemn dig nity speaks in the simple membering of the masses, and there is a grand life in the division and concentration of the individual parts, that rise or sink externally according to the shape of the interior. Where the tran sept crosses the nave a lantern rises aloft, yielding through its windows that rich light which contributes so largely to the wonderful and purely artistic effect of the interior. Towers rise in various places from the masses, not only to contain the bells which summoned the worshippers, but also by their aspiring forms to direct attention heavenward, and to make the mighty cathedral visibly preponderate from afar over the sea of houses and over the towers of the city walls. The structures of the eleventh century, and particularly the Cathedral of Speyer, all reached essentially the same results which those of the twelfth century attained; the advance in the twelfth century was only in detail and an ever-greater variety of combination.
Architecture of Smahern provinces of Southern Ger many, particularly those which are now united under the name of Bavaria, obtained their impulse from the Rhine and from Saxony. The chief
centres of activity here also were the seats of the bishops, which were for the most part in cities founded by the Romans. Ratisbon must first be named, but Wiirzburg, Augsburg, and Salzburg were scarcely in the rear.
In tow the see of Bamberg was created, and the cathedral of that city was the work of Henry II. and his spouse. The Obermfinster Church at Ratisbon was consecrated in Imo. The three convents of Neumiinster, Hang, and St. Stephen were founded at Wiirzburg at the beginning of the eleventh century; St. Stephen was built 1o13-1mS. Henry II., after he had had the Cathedral of Bamberg dedicated (ror2), founded in tors the con vent on the Michaelsberg, the church of which was consecrated in m21.
At Eichstadt, Bishop Heribert (m21–ro42) began to rebuild the cathedral, which his successor—who at the same time ruled the Church as Pope Victor IL—brought to a conclusion. The Convent of St. Walburg, which he also commenced, was finished in ro42, the year of his death. The construction of the Church of Niederaltaich continued from 1033 to ro38. The church of the Convent of St. Burchard was dedicated in m42, and a new cathedral begun, the crypt of which was consecrated in m45.
In ro52, St. Ennueram at Ratisbon was consecrated by Pope Leo IX., who built the inlaid ceiling at his own expense; an important portion of this edifice—the remarkable entrance-portico remains, while almost all the rest of these buildings of the eleventh century have disap peared. The cathedral at Salzburg was not completely rebuilt in the eleventh century, since that of the ninth century still existed; the church on the Nonneberg was, however, rebuilt in m23, and in ro41 the crypt was dedicated. The Convent of Gurk was established in the diocese of Salzburg, and its church was consecrated ill ro42.
The doubled-choired Church of St. Afra was built at Augsburg in m64, the cathedral was consecrated in m65, and in ro71 the Chapel of St. Gertrude was erected near it. The Church of St. Jacob at Bamberg was begun in ro73 and finished at the beginning of the twelfth century. The Chapel of St. Stephen in Ratisbon—the so-called Old Cathedral— descends from the eleventh century; St. Jacob's, in the same city, was begun in m9o, but was demolished early in the twelfth century to make room for the present building.
In Austria, which during the eleventh century had first to battle with its eastern neighbors, the churches of the eleventh century were mostly of wood, but Bishop Altmann, who took his seat at Passau in ro46, con structed stone edifices. The most important of his buildings are St. Florian, which was established by Altmann in 1o71 and was occupied by the Augustine Canons; the Convent of Gottweill, where Altmann was buried in m93; and the College of Molk, which was not finished until the beginning of the twelfth century. • In 1o93 the collegiate Church of St. Paul at Karnten was consecrated; it was commenced either soon before m64 or in ro85.
Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary, after they had found a place near the Western Christian races, joined them definitely in the eleventh century and adopted their civilization; and, since they came into connection with the rest of Europe principally through Germany, their architecture was also that of Germany—so far, at least, as the few remaining structures of this age allow us to judge.