(4.) The Nora/ern and Central African Negro Tribes form a group to which belong the Valois (Wolofs) and the Futhh, also the tionrhatic, the Hausas, the A'anuris, and, on the islands of Lake Chad, the Pudumas, the relics, rebus, or Tibbus, as well as the inhabitants of Lop,-one, the .1/usgra, the Trim/alas (Mandaras), and the Bagirintic; perhaps also the tribes of Adamawa, whose languages are as yet very little known; and finally all those who speak the Aloha dialects, as well as the inhabitants of Waday, and perhaps also of Darfur.
As a matter of course, in so large a group subdivisions are formed; thus, the Yolofs and Fulalt arc closely related, and again the Kanuris, Tibbus, and Budumas; but the language of the latter has been preserved quite independently and in its ancient form. Also those tribes belong more closely together whom Barth calls the Massa tribes—the Logone, Wandala, Musgu, Batta, and Marghi.
Connected with this division arc the numerous small tribes lately united, in theory at least, under one government to form the so-called " Congo Free State," as laid out by Mr. Henry M. Stanley. Of these, the llussztrongos, Basundi, and Zombos occupy the banks of the Congo near its mouth; the Bateke and Mbe, the region around Stanley Pool; the Afayakulia, the shores of the Kuango River, an important tributary of the Congo; while the upper waters of that stream itself are peopled by numerous detached tribes, of whom we may name the Baird, the Rabat, the WizIzea, the Rambo, etc.
It is unusual to class into one group the peoples we have mentioned under No. 4, but we are authorized in doing it, becatise all their lan guages show a similarity which does not result from borrowing. Thus, for example, the personal pronoun is of the same or similar origin in them all, dissimilar as they may appear at first sight. All coincide in the structure of the verb, prefixing to the verbal root an abbreviated form of the personal pronoun, which is preceded by the independent pronoun or the subject; for instance, Fulah, 'ken) nyami, "'he 'eat;" Son rhai, Hausa, I or where si, the ordinary pronoun for the third person masculine gender, precedes the dependent pronoun, just as it is invariably correct to say, yaro "boy he-ate," "the boy ate;" Kanuri, 1 bu ; Tibbu, bu ; Logone, 'II/ :um a_2gim," he loves," where we have, besides rzi, a as an inseparable pronoun); Wandala, which forma tion deviates a little in the independent pronoun "he," being at the end; Bagirmi, ne.2 (ga is the designation of the aorist);
and Maba, It/ re again denoting the aorist. The roots nya, gna, :a, are originally alike, as nv in some of the languages is exactly the same as Is or z of others. This formation of the verb is found neither in the languages of the Maude people nor in those of the Atlantic tribes.
(5) The Negroes of the Regiou of Ike south of Kordofan to the Equator, the most northern of whom probably are the Shangol (Shan gallas), as the extreme north-eastern part of Dar-Fertit is, in consequence of the continual slave-trade, depopulated. It is difficult to define how far to the north-east the Negroes are spread. No doubt more than one Negro tribe may be found there; but as only the most minute linguistic study can decide as to the relations of such fragments, we will leave this difficult question unanswered.
A little to the south, on the Nile proper, we find the Shilluks, next the Nuers, then the Dinkas or Dangehs with their diverse tribes and dialects; after these the Elliabs (Kitsch or Kek) and others. To the east of these, on the Sth degree of latitude, in the southern part of Dar Fcrtit, dwell the ugly tribes, who are called Fertit by the Furian Negroes of Kordofan; next, toward the south, the Goios and the Djurs; then the Bongos, or Dohrs as they are called by the Dinkas, or as the Djurs name them. These latter, as well as the Dembos to the north of them and the Beilandos south of the Bongos, are migrated tribes of the Shilluks. South of the Djurs, and living on the same degree of latitude as the Bongos, we find the ..Vthor-Ariani, or Sandchs; more to the south, around Lake Albert Nyanza, the '1-Ionbietiets and zikkas. These are the most important of the eastern Nile tribes, the most southern of which Schweinfurth has made known to us.
According to language, all these tribes belong together, some closely, others more remotely. The Shilluk and Dinka languages form larger groups; it has also been asserted that there are two main divisions, the northern of which comprises the languages around the Dinkas, the southern the so-called Bari languages. We lack linguistic material to pronounce a decision on this point. This much is certain, that the eastern languages do not possess the ingenious construction of the verb of our preceding division; they simply prefix the pronoun to the verb, as in the Atlantic languages, and they also seem to coincide in their structure.