If the cause of all modification lies in intermingling, then not only on the northern boundary-line, but in various places of this region, the influence of foreign blood must have been such that it has entirely changed the character of whole tribes. Such extended intermixtures may have been possible among single princely families, but they were impossible among the whole nation, as is evident from the fact that with some modifications it has retained its language, its customs, and all the important features of its physical constitution.
The Berber tribes were by no means so far superior to the Negroes that one could infer an intellectual subjugation of the Negroes to them. The physical transformations arc not great enough to confirm such a supposi tion. Besides, the tribes in the lowlands of the coast were also exposed to intermixtures, and yet they have preserved their original type.
Consequently, intermingling is not the cause of the modification of type: it rather scents to be a kind of arrest of development caused by unfavorable geographical conditions. Where the surroundings are more favorable it appears in a milder form.
Deviathms in of the Mandingoes are of fine stature, large and vigorous, but their features are of the Negro type. The glossy black Volois are of fine stature and regularly-shaped face, with but a faintly pronounced Negro type (pl. 93, jig. 2); and similar statements are made about the Atlantic tribes—about the Ashantecs (p1. 91, A. I), the Yorubas, etc. Of the northern and central nations we pass over the Sonrhais, as they have intermingled greatly, but the Hausas and some tribes of the Bornuese are not ugly; still less so are the Tibbus, with the exception of their southern tribes, which are extremely ugly. Great differences are also seen in the east: Plate 91 (Jig. 9) shows a finely-formed Bagirmi Negro, and in the regions of the Nile the northern tribes are distinguished by elegant slenderness, the Niam-Niam (pl. 95, jig. 1) and the Moubuttu by a lower-set figure and good faces, the Akka (Al. 97, jig. 4) by a miser able dwarfishness.
It is worthy of especial note that the Niam-Niam, the Bongos, and per haps also the Krej, do not show a dolichocephalic, but rather a brachy cephalic, shape of the skull; the latter is also found among some Atlantic and Alandingo tribes. Not only do the Sarakules, some Sonrhai tribes,
and the Tibbus have long hair falling down to the back of the neck, and much straighter titan Negro hair usually is, but also the Wandala and many of the eastern tribes—for instance, some of the Shilluks, the Nitun-Niant, and their neighboring tribes, with whom certainly no intermingling can be thought of, the Monlinttus, and others. The eastern nations have a more abundant beard than the western. the Akkas (p1. 97, jix-. 4), the western Wandalas, Bagirmis (J51. 91, jig. 9), and others the eyes are widely opened; aquiline noses occur among the Monbuttns, and are men tioned in connection with the Bambarras, the Sonrhais, the Fantis, and marry of the Vornbas in the west. The women arc mostly smaller than the men (p1. 94, jig. 4; pl. 96, Jib. 2); the build of the breast is like that of the South-African tribes (pl. 94, fig. 4; 96, fig. 2; P. 99, jig. 2), and in the east of the district not only the large development of the haunch is seen, but also an analogue to the "Hottentot apron." The Negroes gener ally sit in a crouching position (p/. 93, fig. 6; pl. 94, fig. 6; pl. 96, fig. 2); in order to rest they often stand on one foot, as the youth on Plate 96 (fig. 2, to the left).
I ariations in Ike Color of the color of the skin varies. Many of the Mandingoes and many individuals among the Atlantic tribes are dark brown; the Ibos, yellow brown; the northern Tibbu tribes, cop per or dark brown; and many tribes in Adamawa, reddish-brown. Accord ing to Schweinfurth, all the eastern tribes have a more or less reddish tint, though the skin be dark; thus the Furians are black with a reddish hue, also the Dinkas, but especially the Bongos, Mittus, Niam-Niam, and Krej, who often are light, even to a reddish-brown. Schweinfurth discovers in this reddish tint of the skin a mark distinguishing the Negroes from the North Africans, whose skin often shades from a yellow ground-color, instead of a red one, into darker tints, and even into black. The Akkas and many of the Monbuttus are of a faint coffee-brown; even the hair, although short and woolly among the Akkas, is frequently of a brownish or grayish-blond color.