JOINDER OF PARTIES.
At Law. In actions ex contractu.
Plaintiffs. In general, all persons who nave a just cause of action may sue, unless some disability be shown. An action on a oontract, of whatever description, must be brought in the name of the party in whom the legal interest is vested. 1 East, 497 ; Yelv. 25, n. 1 ; 1 Lev. 235 , 3 Bos. & P. 147; 1 H. Blackst. 84 ; 5 Serg. & R. Penn. 27 ; 10 Mass. 230, 287 ; 13 id. 105 ; 15 id. 286 ; 1 Pet. C. C. 109 ; 2 Root, Conn, 119 ; 2 Wend. N. Y. 158 ; 21 id. 110 ; 1 Hernpst. Ark. 541 ; 4 Dan. Ky. 474.
On simple contracts by the party from whom (in part, at least) the consideration moved, Browne, Act. 99 ; Broom. Part. 12 ; 1 Strange, 592 ; 2 Watts 8c S. Penn. 237 ; al though the promise was made to another, if for his benefit, Browne, Act. 103 ; 10 Mass. 287 ; 3 Pick. Mass. 83 ; 2 Wend. N. Y. 158 ; 10 id. 87, 156 ; 5 Du. N. Y. 168 ; 5 Thin. Ky. 45, and not by a stranger to the considera tion, even though the contract be for his sole benefit, Browne, Act. 101 ; Broom, Part. 13. On contracts under seal by parties to the instrument only. 10 Wend. N. Y. 87 ; Coke, Litt. 231.
12. Agents contracting in their own name, without disclosing their principals, may, in general, sue in their own names, 3 Barnew.
Ald. 280 ; 5 id. 393 ; 1 Campb. 337 ; 4 Barnew. & C. 656 ; 10 id. 672 ; 1 Crompt. M. & R. Exch. 413 ; 5 Mees. & W. Exch. 650 ; 2 Carr. & K. 152 ; 5 Petri. St. 41 ; or the prin cipals may sue. 6 Cow. N. Y. 181 ; 3 Hill, N. Y.72 ; 2 Ashm. Penn. 485 ; Broom, Part. 44.
So they may sue on contracts made for an unknown principal, 3 Eng. L. & Eq. 391, and also when acting under a del credere com mission, 4 Maule & S. 566 ; 6 id. 172 ; 4 Campb. 195 ; 10 Barb. N. Y. 202 ; but not an ordinary merchandise broker. An auc tioneer may sue for the price of goods sold, 1. H. Blackst. 81 ; 16 Johns. N. Y. 1 ; but a mere attorney having no beneficial interest may not sue in his own name. 10 Johns. N.
Y. 383.
Alien enemies, unless resident under a license or conti•acting under specific license, cannot sue, nor can suit be brought for their benefit.
Broom, Part. 84 ; 6 Term, 23 ; 1 Campb. 482; 1 Salk. 46 ; 15 East, 418 ; 1 Kent, Comm. 67 ; 11 Johns. N. Y. 418 ; 2 Paine, C. C. 639. License is presumed if they are not ordered away. 10 Johns. N. Y. 69 ; 6 Binn. Penn. 241. See, also, Coke, Litt. 129 b; 15 East, 260 ; 1 Kent, Comm. 68.
Alien friends may bring actions concerning personal property, Browne, Act. 304 ; Bacon, Ahr. Aliens, for libel published here, 8 Scott, 182 ; and now, in regard to real estate gene rally, by statute, 3 Bouvier, Inst. 107 ; 12 Wend. N. Y. 342 ; see 15 Tex. 495 ; and, by common law, till office found, against an intruder. 13 Wend. N. Y. 546 ; 1 Johns. Cas. N. Y. 399 ; 3 id. 109 ; 3 Hill, N. Y. 79. But see 5 Cal. 373.
13. Assignees of choses in action cannot, at common law, Maintain actions in their own names. Broom, Part. 10 ; 42 Me. 221. Pro. missory notes, bills of exchange, bail-bonds, and replevin-bonds, etc., arc exceptions to this ruIe. Hammond, Part. 108.
An assignee of real estate may have an action in his own name for breaches of a covenant running with the land, occurring after assi gnment, 3 Bouvier, Inst. 150 ; Broom, Part. 9 ; 14 Johns. N. Y. 89 ; and he need not be named in an express covenant of this cha racter. Broom, Part. 8.
An assignee in insolvency or bankruptcy should sue in his own name on a contract made before the act of bankruptcy or the assignment in insolvency. 1 Chitty, Pl. 14; Hammond, Part. 167 ; Comyns, Dig. Abate ment (E 17) ; 3 Yeates, Penn. 520 ; 3 Dall. Penn. 276 ,• 5 Serg. & R. Penn. 394; 7 id. 182 ; 9 id. 434. See 3 Salk. 61 ; 3 Term, 779. Otherwise of a suit by a foreign assignee. 11 Johns. N. Y. 488. The discharge of the in solvent pending suit does not abate it. 2 Johns. N. Y. 342 ; 11 id. 488. But see 1 Johns. N. Y. 118.
An assignee who is to execute trusts may sue in his own name. 4 Abbott, 106. Ca tuis que trust cannot sue at law. 3 Bouvier, Inst. 135.