One academy of distinction alone devoted to s•ienee appears in this period, the Academia Secretorum Naturfe, founded at Naples 1560, and after a short existence suppressed by the Church. it was succeeded by the Aeeademin della Lineei, founded by' Prince Chesi in 11;03. count ing Galileo among its members, and still ex isting in Rome after many changes. The loon dation of this society heralded that great burst of interest in sciences of the 'eVenteentli and eighteenth centuries which to some extent suc ceeded the purely literary activity of the six teenth. The Reformation had destroyed or altered much of the eeelesiast kat power which had served to check investigation earlier, and the foundation of several societies indicated a new interest in science. Of these the Academia Nat ms Curiosor inn, Leipzig, established by Dr. .1. L. Bausch in 1631-52, still exists under the name of Ca•sa•eo Leopoldinia, in honor of the Emperor Leopold I., who patronized it liberally. Since 1808 it has had its headquarters at Bonn. The Royal Soeiety in England f q.v.), the Academy of Scienees in l'aris, the Academy or Collegium Curiosum established by Professor Sturm of the University of Altdorf, and similar institutions brought about an astonishing increase of interest and conse quent advance in scientific pursuits and methods. The impo•tanee of these academies to science indeed can hardly be overestimated.
This was maintained in the eighteenth century, and the establishment of academics was further stimulated then by the influence of Louis _XIV., so important in this as in so many other intel lectual as well as political interests throughout Europe. in this, however, as in so many other ways, he and his ministers but carried further the plans of their predecessors. in 11i35 Riche-• lieu established the most famous of all such organizations. the old French Academy, which had its inception six years before in the minds of eight men of letters. It consisted of forty members, with a director, a chancellor, and a secretary, and its avowed purpose was to control the French language and regulate literary taste. Its constitution provided for the publication of a. grammar, a treatise on rhetoric, and one on poetry, besides a dictionary of the French lan guage. Though its condition has been somewhat changed. it is the same in all essentials to-day as it was at its foundation. In this plan Riche lieu, was copied, as usual, by his successor, Nazarin, who established the Academy of Fine Arts t Beaux-Alts) in 11;33. Colbert continued this policy by founding the Academy of Inscrip tions and Belles Lettres in 1663, as a committee of the old academy to draw up inscriptions for monuments and medals to commemorate the victories and glories of Louis XIV. This was remodeled in 1706. Colbert established also an Academy of Painting and Sculpture in 11364, the Academy of Sciences in IGGG, the 2\eademy of Architecture in 1671, later merged into the Academy of Fine Arts. and the Academy of
Frame at Rome. All these, site the last. together with the Academy of Moral and Politi• cal Seience, founded in 1832, came to form the institute (q.v.). To Louis XIV. other cities in France owed the •harters of their academies, notably Montpellier in 1706.
Largely owing to these two causes, that is to say, the interest in science and the fashion of roy al patronage set by Louis XIV., the foundation of academies reached its height in the eighteenth century, especially in Germany and the north and east of Europe. Frederick 1. of Prus sia the Royal Academy of Seiences in 'Berlin in 1700, on a plan ihawn up by Leibnitz, its first president. That savant aided also in drawing up the .4cheme adopted by Peter the 11reat and carried out by Catharine 1. in the foundation of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg in 1725. In 1739 the Academy of Sciences of Stockholm was established with a most distinguished member in Linmeus, and was incorporated in 1741 as the Royal Swedish Academy. In 1742 Christian VI. founded the Royal Academy of Copenhagen; in 1750-51 the Giittingen Academy of Sciences was established; in 1754 the Electoral Academy at Erfurt in 1755 the Academy of Sciences of Mannheim was founded by the Elector Palatine, Karl Theodor, and in 1759 the Electoral Bavarian Academy of Scien( es was founded at :Munich. In Spain the Royal Academy of Science at :Madrid began its existence in 1774: in Italy the Royal Academy of Sciences of Turin originated in 1759 as a pri vate society, receiving royal recognition in 1783. Not merely were academies founded in the broad field of science, in its earlier sense of all human knowledge: they were established for all imag inable special purposes. In surgery, the Surgical Academy of Paris. 1731, and the so-called Acad em• of Surgery at Vienna, more properly a college, are the most prominent examples. In ar•haeology and history we find the Royal Acad emy of Portuguese History established in 1720. a similar institution at Madrid chartered in 1738. the Arelneological Academy of tipsala founded in 1710, that of Cortona in 1727. and that of Herculaneum at Naples in 1755. In literature the Royal Spanish Academy. founded by the exertions of the Duke 4PEscalona in 1713 or 1714, and the Royal Academy of Savoy, found ed in 1719 by Charles Felix, are the most prom inent of numerous similar institutions, including those of St. Petersburg of 17S3, later a part of the Imperial Academy, and Stockholm in 1786. In nmsic and the fine arts, the departments to which the name has been especially applied in England. the Royal Academy of Arts was found ed in 1768, with Sir Joshua Reynolds as its first president. the Academy of Arts at Milan. that of painting aril sculpture and architecture at Madrid by Philip V., the Swedish Academy of Fine Arts by Count Tessin in 1733, and the Academy of 'Painting and Sculpture at Turin in 1778.