During the nineteenth century a smaller num ber of such organizations were founded, partly because the field was so well covered, partly be cause other forms of activity or the same form of institution under a different name took its place. (See SOCIETIES; ADVANCEMENT OF SCI ENCE, ASSOCIATIONS FOR TIIE.) The Royal Hibernian Academy, founded in 1803, the English Royal Academy of Music, founded in 1822 and incoi porated iu 18:30, and the Royal Scottish Academy. founded in 1826 and chartered in BM, represent the English activities in this field. The Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, founded in 1812 and incorporated in 1817, and the Vienna Academy of Sciences, founded in 1846, are among the most important scientific foundations of the century. The Celtic Academy of Paris, founded 1800 to 1805 and merged in I S14 into the Society of Antiquaries of France, and the Academy of and Antiquities of Naples, founded by Joseph Bonaparte, represent the Napoleonic period. The Academy of Medicine of Paris, founded for research into matters affecting public health, 1820, has per;ormed excellent service to the community at large. Rut the most important event in aeademic organ ization of the century was the reorganization of the French Academy into the Institute of France, an account of which may be found under that title in this work. The French Academy as now constituted represents the old academy of Rich elieu, though it is reckoned officially as the highest of the five divisions of the Institute. 1ts membership in 1902 was as follows, in order of seniority: It remains to notice in detail some of the other more important existing academies. The Royal Academy, Burlington House, London, the asso ciation of English artists, holds an exhibition each year, open to all artists, and corresponding to the French Salon. It consists at present of Academicians (R. A.), four Honorable Re tired Academicians, six Honorable Foreign Academical's, thirty 'Associates (A. R. A.), four Honorable Retired Associates. Sir Edward John Poynton has been its president since 1896. The Royal Academy of Berlin, founded in 1700, owes its present statutes to the year 1881. It consists of two sections—physics-mathematics and phi losophy-history. It has 60 regular and 20 for eign, corresponding, and honorary members. Its publications have appeared since its foundation. The Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, found ed in 1725, has three divisions—physics-mathe matics, Russian language and literature. history philology. It is richly endowed, and offers year ly prizes for contributions to learning. 10, li brary is very large, and it controls a number of museums. The Royal Swedish Academy, founded in 1739, has 100 native and 75 foreign members, and its work is divided into nine classes. The Royal Bavarian Academy includes theology, law, finance, and medicine among its activities, and has three classes—philosophy-philology, mathe matics-physics, and history. The Imperial Acad emy of Sciences of Vienna, founded in 1846, comprises two classes — philosophy-history and mathematics-science—with frequent meetings, and its publications are especially numerous and im portant. It is well endowed by private benefac tion, and by the State, and is enabled to send out IllaIly expeditions.
hi the United States there are many such soci eties. The earliest founded was the American Philosophic-al Society. organized in 1743 through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin, who was its first secretary. and later. until his death, its president. The interests and the activities of this society covered the whole range of science pure and applied. and of philosophy. The pub lication of Trilnsnctions began in 1799 and of its Proceedings in 1838. At present the society has 200 resident and 300 non-resident members. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences was chartered by the Legislature of M•ssachu setts in 1780, to a considerable extent through the influence of John Adams. Its attention was devoted to the study of the antiquities and the natural history of America. It has published a series of memoirs, beginning in 1785, and Proceed ings since 1840. The Conneeticut _kendemy of Arts and Sciences was founded in 1709, and the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Seience in 1812. This latter :leadenly has it very valuable library and museum. especially rich in conchol ogy and ornithology, and has published dournnis since 1817 and Proceedings since 1841, besides the .4 no riean Journal of Concholoay. The New York Academy of Science was founded in 1818 as the Lyceum of Natural 'History, and received its present title in 1875. It is organized into
four sections, as follows: Astronomy and phys ics, geology and mineralogy, biology, and anthro pology, psychology, and philology. These sec tions hold monthly meetings, and the Academy bolds general meetings and gives an annual exhibit of scientific progress that is of great value. Similar scientific academies have been organized in most of the large cities in the United States, but their influence is chiefly local. Such societies usually cover the entire field of the exact and the natural sciences. while special societies for particular sciences are now com monl• formed. In recent years Washington is becoming the centre of scientific interest in this country, and in its various scientific soci eties combined into the Washington Academy of Sehmee. National associations of the same character have been formed. In 1803 Congress chartered the National Academy of Sciences, which was designed to investigate seientific questions and to report thereon to the Govern ment. As a matter of fact, however, the Acad emy has not been frequently employed by the Government. Two annual are held and reports and memoirs are issued. The mem bership of the Academy originally was limited to 50 members, but in 1870 this limitation was removed, and now five members may he elected annually. At present there are 86 members. The American Association for the Advancement of Science was organized in 1848 and is the most active and the largest of such associations. It now has about 1000 members and 776 fellows, the latter being those who are engaged in advancing science, while any one interested in science may be a member. In fine arts both Philadelphia and New York possess institutions under the name of academies, founded in 1805 and 1828 respectively. melt having schools of design and annual exhibitions. Many other such associations, under ditTerent names, are to lie found in this country for the proseention of researeh and publication along litentry as well as scientific lines. ((f these last the Ainerivan Academy of Political and Social Science of Philadelphia is perhaps the most important. It was founded in 1889, has a large membership, and its publieations. under the title of .Innals, are of considerable value. See NsTITI•TioN.
III the sense of a school or all institution of learning. the term academy has come to be applied to an educational institnt ion between the elementary school and the college, particularly in the eastern part of the United States, though used oceasionally elsewhere. In his Traelatu on Ldaraliom, .lolon :Nliiton calls his ideal educa tional institution an academy. In England the term applied to those institutions of secondary rank established by the dissenting religious holies doming the latter part of the seventeenth and in the eighteenth century to provide for the general education of their youth, especially those intended for the ministry, since such edu •ation could not be obtained from the existing public schools. In the United States the term was first applied to the institution fininded iii Philadelphia in 1710 under the leadership of 11enjemin Vranklin. This Academy and College of Philadelphia was chartered in 1753, and became the University of Pennsylvania in 1779. The typical academies were those founded during the WI olutionary War period at Exeter, N. II., and Andover, Mass., largely through the generosity of John Phillips. after whom they are named. Such academies became very numerous and took the place of the old Latin grammar schools, which had lost their popularity and serviceableness on account of the economic and political chang,res of the eighteenth century. Such academies are controlled by trustees usually of some one religious denomination, and are not dependent upon state support. Their place has been largely taken up by the modern high school; the existing ones have for the most part become college preparatory schools.
The term is also used much more widely in a lower sense, to indicate places where special accomplishments are taught, such as riding. dancing. or fencing academics. A more restrict ed use is that in connection with schools that prepare for particular professions, as the [hilted States Military Academy at West Point. In Frame and :he United States it is occasionally applied to buildings devoted to particular arts, especially music; hence an opera house, often called an academy of music; and occasionally by analogy to the theatre as well.