ADMIN'ISTRA'TIVE LAW. That part of the tall' which regulates the of the will of the State as expressed by the authorities which are permitted by the governmental tem to express that will, particularly the legis lature. Since it is necessary under all gove•n mental systems that authorities be formed for the purpose of enforcing the law, administrative law treats, in the first place, of the organization of the administrative authorities. This portion of the administrative la W determines the orga nization of the administrative authorities, both those having jurisdiction over the entire State (who are known as central administrative authorities), and those having jurisdiction over only a portion of the State, who are known as local authorities. In the United States, e.g., the administrative law treats: of the President ; the of the executive departments and their subordinates (both at Washington and in the districts into which the country is divided for purposes of Federal administration. such as the customs and internal revenue districts) ; the State governor and State officers• generally; or the county, town. and city officers. Since no
administrative officer may legally take any ac tion which lie is not authorized by the law to take, the administrative law treats, in the See011d place, of the powers and duties of administrative officers; in other words, of administrative func tions. Finally, since there is no use in delimit ing by law the powers and duties of adminis trative officers, unless some means is provided of preventing them from exceeding their powers and forcing them to perform thfir ditties, administra tive law treats of the remedies afforded in case of an excess of power or violation of duty. American administrative law thus embraces cer tain well defined minor brandies of the American law, such as the law of officers, the law of muni cipal corporations, the law of taxation, the law of public nuisances (whether common law or statutory), the law of extraordinary legal reme dies (such as mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, quo warranto, and habeas corpus), as well as the law of equitable remedies, so far as they are applicable to public authorities.