ARCHELAUS, (Gk. 'ApxAnos, Archelaos).--( ) One of the Heraclithe who, when driven by his brothers from his native land, fled to Alacedonia and founded the town of „Ewe. He was the mythical founder of the royal house of A Greek philoso pher and pupil of Anaxagoras. He was born at. Athens, and was the son of Apollodorus or Myson. The outlines of his system were those of his teacher, but for the details of his cosmol ogy he went back to the ideas of the earlier Ionic physicists. He admitted a primitive matter, con sisting of infinite particles similar in nature to the bodies formed from them. Ile also admitted a ruling Alied. latter and mind he held to he mingled, and identified the primitive matter with air. Out of this air, thus endowed with mind, there arose, by processes of thickening and thin ning,cold and heat, or water and fire—the former passive, the latter active. From the action of fire and water were formed the atmosphere and the mud out of which the heavenly bodies were developed. Living organized beings, at first of low type, sprang from the mud. and gradually the races of animals were formed. Alan he held to be superior to other beings, by reason of his artistic and moral powers.—(3) King of Mace donia, natural son of I'erdiccas IL lie came to the throne in B.C. 413, after murdering the rightful heir. Arehelaus improved the internal condition of his kingdom. introduced changes in the currency, improved the army, and showed himself a warm patron of art and literature. Euripides, Zeuxis, and other men of eminence visited his court, and only Socrates refused aan invitation to go thither. The palace of Arehelaus was adorned with magnificent paintings by Zeuxis. Arehelaus was either murdered or acci dentally slain by his favorite, Cratceus or Gra terns. in n.c. 399.-14) A distinguished general of In the winter of B.C. 8S-87 he was sent to Greece with a large fleet and army to oppose the Romans in that quarter. On the way he seized the Cyclades, together with Delos, and, by granting the latter island to Athens, won over that city to the side of Mithridates. On his appearance in Greece, the Aclueans, the Laconi ans, and the at once llo•ked to his standard. A three days' battle was fought in the neighborhood of Thespix, with indecisive result. but Arehelaus was forced to fall back upon Athens and Piraeus. In the summer of B.C. 87, Sulla landed in Greece and proceeded against Archelaus. After long and hard fighting Athens
and Pineus were taken, and Arehelaus retreated to Chaleis. Ifere lie was joined by reinforce ments from Mithridates, and in March, B.C. 86, met with a crushing defeat at C'lneronea. Of 120,000 men that Archelaus led into battle, barely 10,000 reassembled at ('halcis. In the meantime Mithridates sent into Greece a further force of 80,000 men under Dorylaus. With this force Arehelaus faced the enemy at Or•homenus in B.C. 85. His army was almost entirely destroyed, but Arehelaus himself, after hiding for several days in a swamp, finally escaped to Chalcis. Peace followed, but Archelaus, though innocent, awakened, by his conduct in the negotiations, the suspicions of Mithridates, and was as a result driven to side with the Romans in the second and third Mithridatie wars.—(5) Son of the preced ing. He married Berenice, daughter of King Ptole m:eus Auletes, in B.C. 56, and ruled over Egypt for the short space of six months during the banishment of Ptolenneus. The usurper lost his life in a battle against Aldus Gabinins, procon sul of Syria.—) 6) Grandson of the preceding. He obtained from Marcus Antonius the Province of Cappadocia. which ho retained during the reign of Augustus. Tiberius accused him of political innovations and condemned him to death; but he was already old and broken, and he died at Rome soon after his trial, in A.D. 17. (i) A Greek sculptor, celebrated for his bas-re lief representing the 'Apotheosis of Homer.' which was found in the Seventeenth Century on the Via Appia. near Bo•ill:e. The relief appears to he the votive offering of a poet made for a victory won at a poetic contest. Its time is placed all the way from B.C. 150 to the begin ning of the first century A.D. The relief was purchased in 1519 for the British Museum.— (S) Son of Herod, tyrant of Jud;ra. Ile suc ceeded his father in B.C. 4, and maintained his position against an insurrection raised by the Pharisees. This heirship to the throne being disputed by his brother Antipas, Archelaus went to Rome, where his authority was confirmed by Augustus, who made him Etlinarch of Judrea, Samaria, and Idunnea. After a reign of nine years lie was deposed by Augustus, on account of his cruel tyranny, and banished to Vienna in Gaul, where he died. His territories were added to the Roman Province of Syria.