BIBLIOGRAPHY. A VP ry good bibliography of the Arctic region is Chavanne, aided by Karpf and Die Litteratnr iiber die Polar Regionen der El-de (Vienna, 1878). In this work may be found the titles. classified, of most of the important books that had been written up to the time of its publication. General Greely's Handbook of Arctic Discov eries (Boston, 1896) also gives valuable lists of books, elassified according to the various spheres of Aretie exploration. A fairly com prehensive work covering The Natural History, Geology, and Physics of Greenland and Adjacent Regions (London, 1875), was prepared by T. Jonas as a manual for the British Admiralty Expedition of 1875-76. The information pre sented by the contributors to this work extends somewhat beyond the regions "adjacent" to Greenland, hut needs to be supplemented, and in a few passages corrected, by the reports of later explorations. Of such reports, the most important are (1) those of the International Polar Expeditions of 1881-83, published by tae various coiiperating governments. Those of the United States appeared (a) by Greely under the title, Report on the Proceedings of the United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay (Washington, 1885) ; (b) by Ray, under the title, Report of the Expedition to Point Barrow; that of Austria, by Wohlgemuth, appeared under the title, Osterreichisehe Polarstation Jan Mayen (Vienna. 1886) : that of Denmark, by Paulsen, under the title, Expedition Danoise, Godthaab (Copenhagen, 1889-93) : that of Great Britain, by Dawson, under the title, Fort Rae (London, 1886) : that of Russia, by Andreyeff and Lentz, under the title, Beobaehtungen der rassischen Polarstationen auf Nowaja Semla (Saint Petereiurg, 1886-95), etc. (2) Wright,
Greenland Ice Fields and Life in the North Atlantic (New- York, 1896), which contains a brief description of the flora and fauna of Greenland and a discussion of Arctic glacial phenomena: (3) Conway. The First Crossing of Spitzbergen (London. 1897) : (4) •aekson, A Thousand Days in the Arctic (New York, 1899), which deals with Franz-.Josef Land, and The Great Fro:cn Land (New York, 1895), which deals with the Samoyed peninsula; (5) Peary, Northward Over the Great lee (New York, 1898,), which contains a valuable chapter on the most northern Eskimos; (6) Nansen, Farthest North. which sets forth the drift of a vessel frozen in the ice across the Aretie Ocean. Books on Arctic currents are: Dittmar, Is Nord-l'olurinecr (Hanover, 1901), and the re port published by the Norwegian Government of the investigations of the ship IngoIf in the region of east Greenland and Iceland.
Valuable works on the inhabitants are: Boas, "The Eskimo of Bailin Land and Hudson Bay" (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural His tory, Vol. NV.) Peeher, The letters of Man and Their Grographical Distribution (London, 18i61: Ra tzel , The History of Mankind (3 vols., tea mdated: New York, 18'96). For the distribut bin of animals consult Neilprin, The Geographical and Geological I)istribntion of Animals York, 1S87 ) ; for the tion of plants consult Heer, non/ I'ossila .1 rc tica (7 vols.. Zurich, 1868-80).
For an account of exploration in the Acetic regions. see Pon,AR IIESEARCIr. For further in formation concerning the magnetic phenomena, see M N ET I SM, TERRESTRIAL.