BIOLOGICAL. LAriou.tromEs. An enormous im pulse was given to the purely scientific advance ment of biological science by the early founda tion of laboratories for research in connection with the chief German universities in the third quarter of the last century. In the United States, the first zoillogical laboratory, or, in deed, any in general biology in this country, was established by Louis Agassiz at Harvard College, at the middle of the nineteenth century, when Wyman also taught to special students comparative anatomy. Agassiz gathered about him and trained specialists in zoology, most of whom became teachers and perpetuated his meth ods of instruction. In Europe. :Johannes Nuuihpge established a laboratory at Berlin (1857-5S), and trained many students, who afterwards filled chairs iu different universities. The impetus he gave to comparative anatomy. physiology, and embryology through his laboratory methods was deep and lasting. Ile was perhaps the father of modern morphological investigations and of laboratory methods. Other zoologists who exerted an influence which was felt by a later generation, and led the way to the establish ment of marine biological laboratorieS, were the Norwegian naturalist Sars (1805-69), who car ried on deep-sea dredgings and embryological re searches on the coast of Norway: Ratlike of Dor pat; and Forbes of Great Britain. During this period H. .11ilne-Edwards and He Quatrefages worked in temporary private laboratories on the French coast and in the The third quarter of the nineteenth century was a period of the installation of biological laboratories in connection with the leading uni versities. especially in Germany. The work rooms were fairly large and well lighted: but the furniture was simple. tables, dissecting implements. microscopes. aquaria, and in the basement perhaps a vivarium for mammals, form ing the greater part of the furniture. Such a laboratory was that of R. Leuckart at Leip zig. who trained a large number of German, Swiss, American, English, and Dutch zoologists and morphologists. With the rise of more mod ern modes of investigation in comparative embry ology and morphology, involving methods of cutting their sections for the microscope, of staining and mounting them. the use of various reagents and preservative fluids, the equipment of biological laboratories became more and more elaborate and costly.
Our modern bacteriological laboratories took their rise from the researches of Pasteur in France (1866-90). His studies led finally to the establishment of the great Pasteur Institute in Paris. which was followed by the installation of bacteriological laboratories in Germany, Italy, and other European countries. as well as in the
United States and Canada—institutes either di rectly connected with universities and medical schools, or independent. In such laboratories as these, and other temporary laboratories estab lished in Italy, West Africa. India. and Cuba, have been worked out the causes and preventives of the filth diseases, of yellow fever and tubercu losis.
Marine laboratories have exerted a profound influence on biological science. besides training science teachers and aiding investigators. Muller in Germany spent his summers by the seaside, studying the anatomy. and especially the develop ment, of the lower animals; and so in France and on the shores of the Mediterranean did H. Milne Edwards and De Quatrefages, and Gosse on the English coast. We owe, however. to Louis Agas siz the idea of the foundation of the modern sea side or marine laboratory, which has resulted in the establishment of the great zoological sta tion at Naples, those of France and other coun tries. Agassiz and his students had for many years dredged and collected along the coast of New Enghind. and had spent several winters at Charleston, S. C., to study the marine fauna. In 1873. aided financially by a generous friend of science, he founded the Anderson School of Nat ural History at Penikese, an island situated at the mouth of Buzzard's Bay. Though, owing to Agassiz's death, it flourished only two years, its work was most important in itself, and because it led to the formation of similar laboratories. It led to the foundation of the Chesapeake Zo ological Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Uni versity, under the direction of Prof. W. K. Brooks, which was succeeded by temporary lab oratories at Beaufort, N. C., and the Bahamas; also to the summer school which was main tamed at Annisquam for several years by the late Professor A. Hyatt, and to a summer school carried on by the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem. Mass., in 1876-81, and to others, such as the summer school held under the auspices of the Brooklyn institute at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island; the Hopkins Seaside Labo ratory of the Leland Stanford, Junior. Univer sity. in California ; and the Tufts College Lab oratory at Harpswell, Maine. under the direction of Professor J. S. Kingsley, and that at Beau fort. N. C., connected with Columbia University. Mr. A. Agassiz has for many years maintained a well-appointed private laboratory at Newport, where a number of investigators have worked through the summer months.