JERUSALEM. For sixty years Jerusalem was prac tically in ruins. About 130 the Emperor Hadrian visited it and determined to rebuild it. The desperate rebellion of the .Jews under Bar Cochba led him to make it a pagan city and prohibit all Jews from entering it. The new city was called Capitolina. The wall with which Hadrian encircled it was, in general, on the line of the old wall. except on the south, where it left a large portion of the old city, including the whole of the 'City of David,' outside the inclosure. The rebuilding caused a great change in the level:, owing to the vast accumulation of rubbish ren dering the whole surface more uniform than that of the old city had been. In some places the former city was buried to a depth of SO feet, making identifications of many ancient places nncertain, if not impossible.
Nothing is known of the city from Hadrian to Constantine the Great. The pagan population was gradually supplemented by Christians. With the recognition of Christianity as the religion of the Empire. pilgrims began to flock to Jerusalem to visit the holy places. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (see HOLY SEPULCHRE) was built by Constantine's orders. Other buildings of like ebaracter were added as the centuries went by. Jerusalem 'oceanic a Christian city, the favorite resort of religious devotees from all quarters of Christendom. Among the noteworthy buildings belonging to this period, the Church of Saint Stephen, north of the city. built by the Empress Eudocia (450-460), who .also rebuilt the ancient southern wall. and the great Church of Saint Mary on the temple hill, built by Justinian, c.532, deserve mention.
The Christian city. after being captured by the Persians under Khosru in 614, hut recovered by the Emperor Heraclius in 62S, was taken by the Moslems in 637 under the Caliph Omar. The Christians were treated leniently. A wooden mosque. 'The Dome of the Rock.' was erected by Omar on the site of the ancient temple. This was replaced in 691 by a splendid stone building by Abd al-Malik. This has been repaired many times. When, in 969. the Egyptian Fatimite Caliphs became rulers of Jerusalem, the condi tion of the Christian population became more serious. The Seljuk Turks conquered the city in 1077 and their maltreatment of Christians was one of the chief causes of the Crusades. In 1099 the Crusaders, under Godfrey of Bouillon and others, gained possession of the city. Moslems and Jews were severely treated. Jerusalem was once more a Christian city. The churchmen of the crusading forces immediately set about the election of a patriarch, probably expecting the temporal dominion to go with the spiritual; but the secular princes insisted on the choice of a king. The crown was declined by Raymond of Toulouse, and possibly also by Robert of Nor mandy. Godfrey of Bouillon was the final choice, though be refused to wear "a crown of gold in the place where his Saviour had worn a crown of thorns," and called himself simply protector of the Holy Sepulchre. The new State won its
first victory at Ascalon a few days later, and was soon fully organized with Western laws. Godfrey died in a year, and was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, Count of Edessa. He suc ceeded in enlarging his kingdom bythe conquest of Arsuf and Cfesarea in 1101, of Acre (Ptolemais) in 1104, of Tripolis in 1109, and of Berytus and Sidon in 1110. The other Christian lordships of the East acknowledged him definitely as their suzerain. He died on his way back from an expedition against Egypt in 111S, designating as ins successor his brother Eustache, or, failing him, his cousin. Baldwin of Edessa. The latter being on the spot, the barons decided to avoid an interregnum by crowning him at once. Bald win II. also extended the boundaries of his king dom. In 1124. with Venetian aid, he made the important conquest of Tyre. Ilis reign was a constant series of conflicts; but before his death. in 1131, the Kingdom reached the height of its power. None the less, its existence was pre carious; the feudal system, which had been a help in its establishment, now tended to dissen sion, and under the next King, Fulk of Anjou (113]-43), the decline began. During the minor ity of Baldwin Ill. (1143-62) Edessa was con quered and destroyed, 30.000 Christians being slaughtered. The news of this disaster called out the Second Crusade, which did nothing to strengthen the Kingdom. Amalric (1162-73) at tempted the conquest of Egypt, but was opposed by Saladin, who was now rising to supreme power among the Aloslems. In the reign of Guy of Lusignan. whose title came through his wife, Sibylla, mother of Baldwin V.. Saladin defeated the Christian army in the decisive battle of Tiberias, and on October 2, 1157, took Jerusa lem. and cast down the cross from the Mosque of Omar. The titular kingship came in 1225 by marriage to the Emperor Frederick II, who se cured possession of the city (except two mosques) by a treaty with the Sultan Kameel in 1229: but, owing to his conflict with the Holy See. he was obliged to crown himself. not a single ecclesiastic being willing, to sanction his title. In 1244 the city was stormed by the Kbarezmians. and passed finally out of Christian hands; and the fall of Acre, in 1291, was the definite close of the real history of the Kingdom. The title of King of ,Terusalem, however, was for a long time borne by the kings of Naples and Sicily, from whom it passed to the House of Lorraine. and by the mar riage of Maria Theresa (1736) to the Haps burgs. The Emperor Ferdinand I. finally renounced it. For further details on the medireval history, see CRUSADES and consult the authorities there referred to.