Though Jerusalem was in a sense the mother of all the Christian churches. the circumstances of its history accounted for its being, long sub jected to the metropolitan authority of other churches—to that of Ca.sarea from the rebuilding of the new city of .ilia in the second century. But in the fourth and fifth its bishops, mindful of the traditional dignity of their see, whose primacy of honor had been acknowledged by the Council of Nica-a, strove to acquire patriarchal rank. The effort was finally successful at the Council of Ephesus in 151, though the newly es tablished patriarch was obliged to be content with the last place among the five. The pa triarchate shared the fortunes of the city, and with the rest of the East fell away from Rome. At the present time there is a Greek patriarch, with a comparatively small number of subjects, divided into thirteen archbishoprics. On the conquest of the city by Godfrey of Bouillon, a Latin patriarchate was established, practically coterminous with the new Kingdom. But when the Kingdom fell, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction could not long be maintained. The Latin pa triarchs were finally driven to reside in Acre. and when that city was lost by the Christians in 1291. became merely titular, residing in later times in Rome, where the Church of San Lorenzo was assigned to them as their official seat. Pius IX.. however. restored them to residence in Jeru salem. which began in 1S4S. The iNlelchite;, the Armenians, both Uniat and independent, the Uniat Syrians. and the Russians. have all bishops or archbishops in Jerusalem; but the most pecu liar and interesting modern history is that of the Anglo-Pnissian bishopric. It was originally a project of Bunsen. who desired the establish ment of a central point for the direction of Prot estant missions in Palestine. The King of Prus sia provided half the endowment. and the other half was raised by popular subscription in Eng land. largely by the codperation of Bishop Wil berforce. The arrangement provided for the nomination of the bishops alternately by the English and Prussian crowns. The first bishop,
Alexander ‘Volf, a converted Jew from Posen. was named by England and consecrated, as his snecessors have been, by the Archbishop of Can terbury in 1ST 1. When the third bishop, Barclay. died in lsSl, the Prussian Government termi nated the agreement. and the bishopric has since been maintained by the Church of England.
P,1131.10Git %PUY. For the antiquities of Jeru salem. consult the standard guide-books, espe cially Baedeker's (ed. 1897), or Murray's (ed. 19l2). Of the voluminous literature on the city, only the most recent and reliable is selected. The comprehensive articles by the expert witnesses. Guthe in the Hauck-Her zog llealeneyelopadie, 3d ed.. vol. viii.. Smith (G. A. and W. R.). in the Encyclopedia Biblira, and fonder in Ilasting's Dictionary of the Bible, are most excellent. The Surrey of Western Pal estine. Jerusalem (London. SS4 ) , by Warren and Conder. contains the results of surveys and excavations up to ISS3. The annual Reports of the Palestine Exploration Fund (1SS3 to date) are invaluable, also the similar reports of the German Palestinian Society. Other publications of the Palestine Exploration Fund may be con sulted. particularly Besant and Palmer. Jeru salem. the City of Herod and •S'aladin (4th ed., London, l899): Conder. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1099-1291 (London, ISS4) : and vol. i. of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (Len don, ISS71. For special monographs, consult: Underground Jerusalem (London, 1876): Bliss and Dickie, Excavations at Jent salcm (London, 189S) ; Mommert, Topographic des alien Jerusalem (Leipzig, I593) ; Buhl, G(ographie Palestinus (Leipzig, 1896) ; ziger. Ilcbrriicche .tr•lbuologie (Leipzig, 1894) ; and the general works on Palestine. such as those of G. A. Smith and Robinson. contain valuable material. For the Mohammedan period, consult Le Strange, Palestine Under the Moslems (Lon don, 1s90). The large map published by the Palestine Exploration Fund is most excellent.