A great influence has also been exerted by the journals and periodicals which in part are de l'oted to purely literary questions. in part treat of religious and practical affairs. One of the first of these was the Jlcasscf (Collector) pub lished by the circle which gathered around Men delssohn. L. Philippson in Bonn, A. Geiger in Berlin, Szanto in Vienna, Lehmann in lainz, Furst in Leipzig, and I. M. \Vise in Cincinnati, were among the pioneers in modern Jewish jour nalism. They have been followed by a host of others. The leading periodicals are Z. Frankel's Monatssehrift fiir die Geschichl• der Judcn (Breslau, 1851 sqq.) : Nonatssehrif I f iir die I•issensehaft des Judenthems ( llerl in, 1883 sqq.) Revue des Eludes Juircs (Paris, 1879 sqq.) ; and the Jewish Quarterly lit riew (Lon don, 1888 sqq.).
There is no country in Europe which does not count Jews among the foremost representatives of its intellectual progress. In Germany, some of the greatest professors at the universities and academics have been Jews. The list includes the names of Gans, Benary, Weil, Bonfey, Stahl, Derenbourg, Valentin, Lazarus, Herz, Sieinthal, and Barth. To these may be added Bri•al, Oppert, 11. Weil, and H. Dercnbourg in France, Sylvester in England, G. Brandes in Denmark, and D. H. Milner in Austria. Conspicuous in literature and the various fine arts are the names of Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Mime. Levin (Varnhagen), Btnrthold Auerbach, Marcus Herz, Jules Junin, Israel Zongwill, Nark Antokol.ki. James Darme st Her, Felix Mendel ssohn-Ba rtholdy. Ha I6vy, MeyerbNnr, Moseheles, Joachi M. Rubinstein, Wienia•ski, Grisi, Costa, Rachel, Dawison. Des soir, Bernhardt.
IltnumatArtir. For anthropological and ethno graphical information. the following works may be mentioned, sonic of which also contain valu able material upon other topics: the general works of Brillion, Lombroso. and Ripley; Fligier, "Zur Anthropologic. der Semiten," in the Nit eilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Mien for 1880; Andrce. Zur rolkskunde der Judcn (l'Aelefeld. 1881) : Blechman'', Ein t rag zur Anthropologic der Jude,/ (Dorpat, 1882) ; Wolf, Die Juden (Vienna, 1883) ; Goldstein, "In iroduetion 3 Ef•tude anthropologique des dulls," in the leeTue d'anthropologie for 1885; Jacobs, "On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews," and "The Comparative Distribution of Jewish Ability," in the Journal of the Anthropological hstitute for 1886; id., Studies in Jewish Statis tics (London, 1891) ; Alsberg, RSCII rn is ch np hum Judentuni (Berlin, 1891) ; Luschan, "Die anthropologische Stellung der Juden," in the r6rrespondenzblatt der den tschen anthropoto gischrn Gesellschaft for 1892; Jacques, "Types juifs," in the Rerun des Oudes Pares for 1893: Meyer, Entstchung des Judenlunrs (11a11e,is!w). For Hebrew history and religion and the post biblical period to the destruction of Jerusa lem, the histories of Stade. Kittel. Guthe. Corn Wellhausen, Renan, Piepenb•ing, and Kent represent modern scholarship. For the general history of the Jews, bat chiefly for the period after A.D. 70. the most comprehensive work is Graetz. Gesehichtc der Jude?, non den iillestrn Zeiten Lis our die Grornwart (11 vols., Berlin, 1854-75; abridged English edition. 5 vols.. Phila delphia, 1873). Other general histories are Ewald, arse/lir:Or eke Vo/kes Israel, to the time of Bar Coehba (7 vols., 3d ed.. Grdtingen. 18(34 78: Eng. trans.. 5 London, 1869-74) ; Mil loan, The History of the Jews (3 vols'.. 4th ed., London. 1866). There are briefer histories by Jost. Geiger, and Cassel. Useful eompends are Beinach. Ilistoire des Israelites, with tables and bibliography (2d ed., Paris, 1902), and Lady Magnus, Outlines of Jewish History (Philadel phia, 1390). The best sketches are by James Darmesteter, Coup Wail sur l'histoire du people !Of (Paris, 1881; Eng. trans. in Selected Essays
ell James Darmcsteter, Boston, 1895), and Dub now, Die jiidische Gesellichte (Berlin, 1808). Consult also the Hebrew archreologies of No waek and Benzinger; Stanley. Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church (New York, 1364.76) ; Goldziber. Der Mythos bei den He briiern (Leipzig. 1876) ; Hommel, Die Sciniten and ihre Bedeutung fiir Kulturgeschiehte (Leip zig. I8S1) ; id., Die vorsemitischen 1i:tit:wen in .4cgypten and Babylonian (Leipzig, 1882) : Renan, Le judaisme comma race et comme reli gion (Paris. 1883) ; Schiirer, History of the Jew ish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (trans., New York, 1835.91) ; \lontefiore, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews (Hibbert Lectures. London. 1893) ; Leroy-Beaulieu. Israel chez les nations (2d ed., Paris. 1893; trans., New York, 1395) ; Edersheim, History of the Jewish Nation (London. 1896): Barton. A Sketch of Semitic Origins (New York. 1902). For special periods and places the works are exceedingly nu merous. The following may be mentioned: De renbourg. Essai l'histoire ct la geographic de hi Palestine (Paris. 1867) : BC-darride, Les Juifs en France. en Italic et en Espogne (3d ed., Paris, 1867) ; Lind°, History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal (London. 1848); Giidemann. Gesehiehte des Erziehungswesens and der rultur der abentl liindisehen Juden (Vienna. 5 vols., 1873.91); Wertheimer, Geschichte der Juden in Oesterreielt (Leipzig, 1842) : Goldschntidt, Gesehiehte der Juden in England (part i.. Berlin. 1886) ; Sche rer, Beitriige zur Gesehiehte des Judenreehtes ins Mittelalter, vol. i. (Leipzig. 1901). For the United States the publications of the American Jewish Historical Society may be consulted. and for Germany those of the Gesellschaft fiir die Geschichte der Jude?: in Deutschland. Anti Semitism has produced a voluminous literature. A bibliography to 1885 will be found in Jacobs, The Jewish Question (London. 1885) ; the Mit teilungen aus dent Ycrein zur Abtrehr des Anti sem it :sinus (weekly. Berlin, 1891 sqq.) is a contemporary history of the movement. Consult, for the anti-Jewish side: Rohling, Der Talmud Jude (Munster. 1871) ; Von Hartmann, Das Judentunt in Gegcnwart mind Zukunft (Leipzig, 1885; Von Treitschke, Ein Wort libel. unser Judentum (Berlin, 1880) : Stacker. Das mo derne Judentum (Berlin, 1880) ; Drumont, La I.rance juice (Paris, 188(1) ; Burton. The Jew, the Gypsy, and el-Islam (New York. MS). In defense of the Jews: Leroy-Beaulieu. Les doe trines de haine (Paris. 1902) ; Monimsen, :Inch Pin Wort fiber mincer Judentunt (Berlin, 1880) ; Franz Delitzsch, &hitch:Hatt den Blutliignern Rohling and Justus (Erlangen. 1883) ; Lazan. Cantre l'antisemitisme (Paris. 1896). For Jew ish literature, consult: Steinselmeider, Jewish, Literature (London, 1857) ; Zunz. Die syna gogale Porsie des Mittelalters (Berlin, 1855-59), which combines with the treatment of the poetry a history of the cruelties of the Middle Ages; the other writings of Zunz are also of much value; Karpele R. Geschichte der jadischen Littera fur (Berlin. 1886) ; id., Jewish Literature and Other Essays (Philadelphia. 1895) ; Deutsch, The Talmud (Philadelphia. 1895) : Arsbne Darme steter, The Talmud (Philadelphia, 1897) ; Abra hams, Chapters on Jewish Literature (Philadel phia, 1899) ; Lazarus, The Ethics of Judaism, English translation by Henrietta Szold (Phila delphia, 1900). The American Jewish Year Book, edited by Cyrus Adler (Philadelphia, 1899 sqq.), gives much valuable information, and the great Jewish Eneyelopeedia i.-iii., New York, 1901-02) is a monumental work.