GREECE. With the development of Greek city life after the seventh century me. several classes of such buildings were erected. Among these may be named the 7'1-titre (q.v.), which was always erected with public funds. and which first began early Mr the fifth century n.c. to be built of stone and in the form and style recog nized in the ruins of those at Epidaurus, Athens. Sicyon, etc. Of Greek buildings devoted to public games and sports, the most important were the Studiant (q.v.) and the Hippodrome (q.v.) for the different. kinds of races. neither of which gave opportunity for much distinctive architecture. The Gymnasium and Palest m were devoted to contests requiring less space and to training and and embodied most of the features de veloped later by the Romans in the Imperial therms. Those at Ephesus and Alexandria-Trots are especially well preserved. The commercial centre of the city was the marketplace, or agora. eo•responding to the Boman Forum (q.v.). an open rectangular space bordered by and halls, and decorated with monumental ell traneeq, statuary, and founthins. The various halls for the transaction of munieipal business, such as the Prytaneum and the Boulenterion, were often connected with the ma•ket-place, and there were frequently two armor in each city— the political and the commercial. Those at Priene, Assos, and other cities of Asia Minor are particularly important. as no well-preserved examples have been found in Greece itself. One can judge of the great possibilities of the Greek colimmotr style (qv,' better from these inany public porticoes than from the temples. the so-called b schoi were public halls for ban quets .11111 other reunions 111111.1 celebration.. TO the list of Greek municipal buildings should be added such decorative and memorial struc tures as the choragie monument of Lysierates and the 'Foecr Ili the 1Vinds at _them., public town:tins, and the like. • Ronk.. The I1011111 11S developed inunivipal archi tecture et t•11 further in magnitirence and variety after the second 1'4.111 11 ry B.C. Their theatres were
richer in deeoration; their amphitheatres were a new form altogether: their circus was achitec turally more signifieant than the .talliton and hip po(Inane. The Roman Forum. which was at first an irregular square without architectural beauty, was later bordered by basilieas (q.v.), great halls for commercial and judicial purposes, while memorial and triumphal arches were placed at its entrain:es and along its main road. Rome with mow fora by emperors, these gifts culminating in the stupen dous F0111111 of Trajan, with its basilica. temple, arch, and triumphal column. 1 11 the early days of the Empire a new type of city was developed, in which various main groups Of 1/1114lie were united rind harmonized by vast stretches of porticoes. Such porticoes in Rome itself were t he Port ieus Maxinue, extending to the Tiber, and the mile-long Porticos Triumphi in the Field of Mars. 'limy masked the poorer streets. in the cities of Syria and the rest of NVestern Asia a great era of rebuilding set in, the old blank walled main streets being replaced by colonnaded boulevards, decorated with statues and intersect ing at right angles. This type. whioll originated at .1lith?e11. eau 110W hest be studied at Palmyra, Gerasa, and other cities near the coast-line.
The many new- Roman colonies and municipali ties in North Africa and Syria gave even more «evasion than the old cities for the carrying out of a regular plan of municipal arehitecture. The ((Ries of The‘este and Thaniugadi are important examples. Pompeii gives all older type. The Pompeian Formon.with its well-preserved basilica: its euria. 11r munieipal meeting-halls, with their colonnades; its Temple of Jupiter, flanked Ire memorial areln-s; its 'Pantheon.' \lin' the money changers' shops: its 1arl;(1-11:111. Temple of Venus, lounging-gallery. and other well-grouped structures, shows how the government of a pro vinvial town of moderate size grouped the 140111iC buildingan) ..... I its main square.