MULLER, JOH.1NNES (1801-58). The most masterful. accurate. and influential physiologist and morphologist of his tittle. lle was horn at C.oblenz. Inienish Prussia, July 14. 1801; began to slimly theology, but abandoned it. for medicine, Beginning his medical studies at Bonn in the autumn of Isla. there lw prepared a prize essay, lltspiratiom ( 1821 ) . He ated in I532. In the spring of 1823 lie went to Berlin and studied with Iludolphi, then returned to llotin as privat-docent. to teach physiology and eomparative atiattatiy. In 1S21 was appoint id professor in the University if [loon. and lie was made full professor in 1830, In Is33 was called to the University of lin, w here he surceeded Poidolphi as professor of anatomy and physhdogy. and after Aleckers death he edited the Archie fiir .1natonlie, Ph ysio umd iv i ssenseha ill 4101h-in, and re niained at Berlin until his death, which occurred April S. 185s.
\Vith his unusual powers of application. thor °ugliness. and breadth, acuteness and pene tration, young Altiller opened tip in different di rections new of research. In 1820 he published an important. work on lite physiology of sight. and a treatise entitled re lie die pliantas liscloan itesiehtserscheinutigen„ and in 1821 a work based on lectures on physiology; in 1829 his work on general pa thology. and in 1833 the first !part of his epoch-making Handbook of 1101(110n l'IirtSiOtOatt. which was C0111111(4P(1 in P540, In 1534 he Was a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. As a physiologist lie was the founder of a new school, working by novel To him physiology owes the foundation of law, the principle of retlex movements and other nervous activities; com prehensive and detailed Views on vision and bearing: a thoroughly well-grounded knowledge of the nature of the blood. lymph. and chyle: the proof of the Molepemlenee of the finality of glandular -zecret i?411-. from the grosser structure of the Hands, and the knowledge of chondrin. INIfiller opposed the school of nature-philosophers and placed physi010gy on :1 sound basis. lie was also a founder and loader in the new morphology. fhe seience of comparat ive embryology W.11s ly enriched by his researches. Ile discovered the pronephric which bear his name. and explained the nature of herlimpliroditism: he made extended 1'011 1011s to and la id the fowl of our knowledge of the and nietainorpho.es of the echinoderms, and he examined into the mode of development of certain hieli led up to his subsequent studies on the ga Hold- and The debt mor phology owes him shown in his of the lymph-hearts of the .\niphibia. the mien, pyle of the of fishes, holothurions. and the like. the intimate strueture of of ear 1 ilaginons and bony t issue, of erectile tissue, of the of the and the finer -.tincture of the perilone .
Ills prineipal in comparative anatomy nod morphology his Ana.
tom is der Mysinoidon (183-1-43). which Carus has called 'the codex of the memrphology of verte brates.' In collaboration with Ilente he pub in 1841, ,sysieneuiische Bosehrribung der Plagiostomen, and in systematic zoOlogy his principal works were System der isicriden (1842). with the collaboration of Trosehel, and hone lehihyologiea. riesillvs these lie published upward of two hundred articles, addresses. and
reports, most of which appeared in the tions of the Berlin Academy of Neit noes and in the Archie liar _Inatomie, etc.
Consult the biographical notices by Du Bois Beymond (.1 bhundluayen doe Berliner .1kadoin7e, 1859), containing a list of his works; Virehow, Johannes .11iillor, Line Gedaehtnisrede (Berlin. 3858) ; Bischoff, Veber Johannes lifiller and sein frrhaltnis zmnt jet7.-igon $tandpunkt der Physio logic (Munich, 1858 ; Proceedings of the Royal lioeicty of London, vol. ix., p. 556.
MtLLER, JotrANNE8 VON (1752-18011). A German historian. Ile was born January 3,1752, at Schaffhausen, whore his father was a clergy man and rector of the gymnasium. He studied at Grettingen under Ileyne. Sehlrezer, Walt+, and others. In 1772 he was appointed professor of Greek at Sehatrhausen, and in the same year published his first work, 11eliien Cimbricum. He now began to devote his leie.ure hours to the investigation of Swiss chronicles and documents. In 1780 he published the tirst volume of his great work. Geschiehte der Schweizer. and in 1781 was called to the Collegium Carolinum at Cassel, as professor of statistics. In 1786 he was appointed librarian and Councilor of State to the Elector of Mainz; here he finished the second volume of his Swiss history; his Dangle, lung des Fiirstenbnndes (1787) ; and Briefe wrier Domherren ( 1787). In 1792 be went to Vienna. where the Emperor made him a member of the Aulie Council, and where lie in 1800 became first Imperial librarian. In 1804 lie left Vienna for Berlin, where lie wrote, among other things, an additional volume of his Swiss history. Introduced to Napoleon after the battle of .Tema, lie was appointed by him (1807) Secre tary of State in the new Kingdom of West phalia. He died at Cassel. May 29, 1809. His works have all been replaced by more modern researches, hut in their own day they were of great. value. Besides those mentioned, the undziranzig Metier allgemeiner Gesehiehtr, based on lectures delivered in Geneva ( 1811 and often republished). are important. lltiller's Biimnut Bebe Werke were published (27 vols.. Stuttgart, 1810-19; new ed., 40 vols.. 1831-35).
MilLLER, ( 1S01-78 ) . A German theologian. lie was born at Bring.
and was a brother of Karl Infried SI (Tv.). He studied at Breslau and Glittin gen. at first devoting himself to lint after wards to theology. In 1825 he was appointed pastor at SehOnbrunn and Rosen, near Strehlen, vvhere he remained seven years. He was ap pointed in 1831 second university preacher in CMItingen, and there leetured on practical theol ogy and pedagogics. In MI he became extraor dinary professor of theology in iftittinen. and soon after full professor in Marburg. whence he went in 1839 to occupy a similar chair in Halle. The work on which his reputation as a theologian chiefly rests is Die eJuri.stliche lsebi•e eon der Siinde ( 1839; 6th ed. 1889; Eng. trans., from the 5th ed., Edinburgh, 1868) ; also Dog 11u iSChe A bhamilanyen (1870). Ile afterwards published pamphlets on subjects of temporary interest, particularly in vindication of the cause of evangeliva I union against the attacks of the rigid Lutherans. in conjunction with Neander and Nitzseh, he edited a periodical entitled Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir ehristliche ll'issensehaft mind ehristliehes Lehen. Consult his biography, by L.
Schultze (Bremen. 1879). •