NEWSPAPER. A puhlie print issued at periodical intervals, sold at a fixed price per copy, and for a definite period to regular read ers known as subscribers, anal giving three classes of information: (a) relating to events, or 'news'; (b) opinions, or 'editorials': and (e) wares on sale, or 'advertisements.' A newspaper is dis tinguished on one side from the magazine or monthly by the absence in the latter of any con certed effort to present a new• record of recent current events. It is separated from the pam phlet or newsletter by its periodic appearance and stated publication. Special postal privileges in the United States—a rate of one cent a pound, paid in hulk, or one-eighth that for books, one sixteenth that for merchandise, and one-thirty second that for letters—and in other countries press laws have led to many judicial and aahnin istrative decisions which unite in defining a peri odical as earmarked by recurrent publication and a subscription list made in good faith, and the newspaper as published at least once a week. The term newspaper, while legally applied to a weekly, usually indicates a daily publication issued either early in the morning or in the afternoon. When the size of a sheet of paper and of a press bed-plate was limited by conditions of manufacture to the sweep of a arm in paper-making or in working a hand-press, the newspaper consisted of one large folio sheet doubled, giving four pages. When the changes in paper manufacture at. the close of the eigh teenth century and in the bed-plate of a press at the beginning of the nineteenth century through the application of power to printing enlarged the sheets and altered their limit, the newspaper began to be folded for the weekly to a square octavo, and enlarged for the daily to a large 'blanket' sheet. The introduction of the cylinder press after the middle of the nine teenth century and the manufacture of paper from wood-pulp of any size• desired, fed to a press from a spool, changed the daily newspaper to its present form, containing a variable number of pages—from 4 pages to above 100, but usually 12 to 16 pages in English-speaking cities of over 500,000: 8 to 12 in cities of 250,000; and 4 in cities of less than 20,000; in Europe, usually from 4 to 8 in cities of 100,000: and 4 in smaller places, printed on both sides at a single impression. Newspapers, by periodic appearance, divide sharply into weekly (usually devoted to a special field, social, political, literary, the general weekly being the exception) and daily. The
special daily is the exception, the world's four largest capitals and some American lesser cities having dailies devoted exclusively to the stock market or sports. American universities of over 1000 students usually support a daily. The city daily necessarily covers fields: (a) the events of the place in which it is published; (b) events without : (c) opinion, usually given on a separate page. known as the editorial page: (d) the quotation of stock, cereal, and other ex changes. and advertisements. To these are add ed combined criticism and record. in special articles and correspondence on special fields, as politics, sports, theatre, letters, education. etc. Usually the earlier pages of a newspaper open with news, from without and pass to local news. The markets and the larger share of tire adver tisements are usually nn later pages. The edi torial page, or expression of opinion, is generally between. When the two sides of a 4 or 8-page sheet had to lie printed successively (until the invention of tire web-perfecting press), this divi sion was necessary. Still preserved from custom. an arrangement is now growing up in the United States in which important news. likely to attract buyers, gravitates to the front, and other fields to the rear pages, an arrangement long prevalent in the French boulevard press. As politics is the one subject of universal interest for men, newspapers in all countries tend to ally them selves with one of two political parties, where a hi-partisan organization for the control of an elective government exists. ‘Vhere, as in Euro pean countries. parties are replaced by group!s, each has it newspaper. in both east's some paimr, are known as independent. In all, news papers exert a douol' influence. Those who read are directly affected by what is printed as with any printed utterance, but the periodic issue and the consequent array of subscribers or regular readers give newspapers in polities and in other fields a representative character. their influence depending on the fact that what is said the opinion of a great multitude of readers. The skillful editor simeeeds in combining leader ship in new exigencies and problems with the capacity of expressing the opinion or sentiment that great masses of his readers will feel as new events call for the application of old principles.