OTHER EEROPEAN SYSTEMS.
The systems already described offer ex amples that are typical of the edueation in other European States. In Sweden. elemen tary and seemulary schools fire by State subsidies and local taxes. Many schools and universities have in addition to such support the income from endowments. Con trol of schools is in the hands of local boards, but the central Government maintains a system of inspection and requires teachers to be graduates of normal schools. Public elementary education is gratuitous and compulsory between the ages of seven and fourteen. in Austria the ideals and methods of Prussian edueation pre vail. The Italian system has the same general features of State subsidies and local and pro vincial taxes for the support of both elementary and secondary education. The minimum nnniber of schools, the enrricula, and the of teachers are also laid down l»• the State. Public elementary education is gratuitous and between the of six and nine.
The State inspects all public school:, and private schools must receive authorization by the Gov ernment.
in Spain attempts have been made to establish a complete and efficient system of elementary education. The (4wernment determines pro grammes and inspects schools. hut furnishes little assistance to their support. The municipalities bear most of the burden and the compulsory law is not enforced. For most of the children educa tion is free. In Russia about one third of the ele mentary education is carried on by the Nearly all the rest is controlled and supported by the central Government acting under the Ministry of Public Instruction. The Church also takes part in second:a•y education, but here the Ministry bears most of the responsibility. There arc a small number of locally supported schools and foundation schools.