Industrially the Filipinos are in the Troll Age. They have little machinery. All their tools are of the rudest sort, and are either Malay or Spanish. Many of them, especially the Moro tribes, work cleverly in metals, but do little at mining or re duction of ores. Their most elaborate work is 11011e on the blades of edged weapons. Pottery is made by the brown peoples for domestic pur poses; working in hard woods is a fine art, and in textiles the Filipinos excel. They split the bamboo and rattan into delicate filaments for hats and screens; make thread, twine. and rope of the native hemp; ornament their clothing and furniture with delicate vines and grasses; and weave the finest of cloth from the fibre of the pineapple. These fabrics are plaited by hand or wrought on looms, but it is difficult to tell which processes arc .Malayan and which came through llispano-Mexican influences. The more advanced tribes rear a variety of small horse that is tough and serviceable; but the chief domestic animal is the carabao or water buffalo, which is largely used for turning water wheels for irrigation and as a draught-animal for plowing or hauling. Na tive transportation was originally by menu; of the buffalo, and rude water craft. Even before the coming of the Spaniards, the Chinese and the Japanese carried on a brisk trade with Nlanila and introduced their vehicles and money. Dur ing the. 2.50 years of Spanish dmnination the 'groaning cart' and old-style water craft partly took the place of native devices, The Negrito weapons of war and the chase are the how with string of bamboo, and arrows with heads of wood or of iron procured in trade. The brown peoples have inherited from their an cestors edged weapons set on a hilt or a shaft. 'They carry also wooden shields, decorated with patterns cut in and rubbed with lime wash or mud. Firearms of many patterns are to be found. Fortification of the village is effected by path splinters and spiked pitfalls.
Fine art among the Filipinos had no separate existence. but the possession of a strong artistic sense is revealed by the taste displayed in their industries. been the Negrito, are not devoid of it. The dress of men and women; the metal working of the men, especially on their weapons; the exquisite textile work of the women—all show artistic instinct. Under the influence of Spanish teaching and the inspiration of Eu ropean and Christian motifs, some of the native Filipinos have attained distMetion in painting and literature.
The principal tribes and languages are: Abaca, Abra-lgorrote, Abnlone, Adang, Aeta. Agutaino, Altaban, Apayao, Aripa, Ata, Bagobo, Baluga, Bangot, Barangan, Batak, Ratline, Bicol. or Vicol, Bilane or Vila ne, Bisaya or Visaya, Bouayanan, Redman°, Butalacauno, Bukidlio, Bukil, Buquit. non, Cagayan, Calangan, Calainiall, Calatia. Ca Helga, Ca raga, Carolano, Catuban gan, Cimarron, Coyuvo,laman, Dadayag, Du langan, Dumagate. Durugmun, Eta, Ilmblane, 1;ainungan, Cuianga, Gninobahano, Guinaane, Ma laya, Ililiguayuar lliIlooni, 1 ba lone, I ba nag, I hi lfugao, lgorrote, flamed. Halms, llocanos, llongote, Maya, Ha. ltam ltalone, ltanega, ltetapane. Kiangane. Lutanga. Lutayo. Magnin damn', Malanee, Nfalsnao, Maintinua, Mandaya, Mauguanga. Mangniane. Manobo, Mayoyam Moro. NIundo, Nabayugan, Negrito. Pa lanai]. Pampan go, Pangasinan, Quiangan, Sainale. Sameaca, Sangley, Sanguile. Silipan, Subano. Tagalndoye. Tagabawa, Tagabelie, Tagacaolo. Tagala. Tigba lta. rrandolano. Timmian, Tinitian. 'lino. Tim my, Vico ( Bicol), Vilane, Visaya ( Bisayal.
bale. Some of these names are also applied to localities. in which ease the people may lrr ealled after the place, which iS; rare. or they may given designation to the place, which is common.
The noire uoyalmstlnt t and are defined in their seneral places.
In accordance with the terms of the Demarca tion Bull of Pope Alexander VI. of May 4, 1493, the Spaniards were to make discoveries and to establish colonies beyond a meridian line in the Atlantic 100 leagues west of the Azores (later by the Treaty of Tordesillas, June 7, 1494, 370 west WSt of the Cape Verde islands), while the Portuguese were to confine their efforts to the field of discovery east of that line. In the race for
the control of the spice trade of the East Indies the Portuguese came off victorious, for they reached the NoImeas or Spice Islands the year before Balboa disoivered the Pacific Ocean, re vealing that the Spaniards had found, not the Indies, hut a great harrier continent that blocked the way thither.
The _Moluccas lay so far to the east of India as to make it probable that if the demarcation line were extended round the earth they would be found to be in the Spanish half of the globe. It was to demonstrate this hypothesis and carry to completion the great design of Columbus to find a western route to the Spice Islands that Magel lan undertook his voyage around America and across the Pacific. In March, 1521, he discov ered a group of islands which he named after Saint Lazarus, whose festival was celebrated early in his stay among them. A few weeks later the heroic navigator lost his life in a skirmish with the natives. That he had achieved his pro ject and proved that the Spice Islands lay within the Spanish half of the world was accepted by King Charles of Spain, but the impossibility of accurately determining longitude in days, the difficulties of the voyage through the Straits of Magellan and across the Pacific, and financial necessities led him to relinquish all claims to sail or trade west of a new demarcation line, in the Antipodes. 2t7 leagues east of the Moluecas, (Treaty of Saragossa, 1529.) This really rendered all rights to the newly discovered Isl ands of Saint Lazarus, which were slightly to the west of the MnInecas. The conquest of Mexico and the establishment there of the prosperous Viceroyalty of New Spin removed the difficul ties presented by the navigation of the Straits of Magellan. and. in contravention of the provisions of the treaty, an expedition was dispatched to the islands in 1542 under the MID mand of Villalohns. This expedition had no permanent result beyond log to the group the name of 'Islas Felipinas,' in honor of the Prince, later King Philip 11. The permanent of the islands was achieved under Legaspi at the head of an expedition fitted out in Mexico. Legaspi arrived at Celici in April, 1565. It was three years before his first reinforcements came, and five years before the conquest of Luzon was undertaken. In June, 1571, the city of Manila was founded, and this became the seat of the Spanish power. Within the next year great progress was made and at the time of Legaspi's death in August. 1572, the Spanish authority was securely planted in the islands and the conversion of the natives consid erably advanced. Legaspi's force was small and the conquest was accompanied by relatively little bloodshed. The lark of social and political co hesion among the natives, the weakness of their religious beliefs, and the rivalries and hostility of the local chieftains opened the wav for a patient and tactful prosecution of the of divide and rule; one chief after another won over to the Spaniards, the pieturesque ceremonials of the Church appealed to the artistic sense of the people, and the simple clan like social organi zation was skillfully utilized by the Spaniards as the basis of their rule. Lyini on the extreme verge of the vast empire of Spain, the islands were commonly known as the Western Islands (lslas del Poniente), and until December 31, 1844, they were reckoned, so far as the calendar was concerned, in the Western Hemisphere, Ma nila time being about sixteen hours slower than Madrid time. The Portuguese protested against this invasion of their East Indian realm, but the ccnquest of Portugal by Spain in 1580 settled the question before there had been any serious colli sion. More formidable than the hostility of Por tugal or the resistance of the natives were the incursions of Chinese pirates and later the attacks by the Dutch, who during their great contest with Spain made their way to the Indian seas and took possession of the Spice Islands.