The operations of the American army disor ganized the republic and the national movement became embodied ill the leadership of Aguinaldo. During the first nine months of the war disap pointingly little headway was math- by the Amer icans. The great majority of the engagements were within a radius of fifty miles of Manila. The military authorities exercised a rigid censorship over the press dispatches, so that it was practi cally impossible for the general public to know the real conditions. In the fall and winter of 1899 there was greater progress. Most of the country, from Manila to Dagupan. came under American control, and the native army was driven to the mountains. The principal events in 1900 and 1901 were in connection with the process of establishing civil L,!overnment in the islands for which see above under Goreralm•at.
On March 23, 1901. Aguinaldo was captured, and on July 4th military government was super seded by civil government in the pacified dis tricts. By act of Congress. approved July 1, 1902. civil government teas established through out the islands. Up to the establishment of civil rule in July. 1902, the total number of troops sent to the islands amounted to 413.5 Oliver: and 123.91)3 non. The cost of the war to the United State: was over s;;170.000.000.
Bintdo(diAmtv. The numerous works on the Philippines fall naturally into two those describing the condition of the islands under Spanish rule. and those dealing with the new or der of things brought about by American su premacy. To the first group belong the follow ing: MaIlat. Lev ( Park. 1841;), baps the best suede work; Jagor. Wise,. in den Philippine!, I Berlin. 1e31: Sansianco, El pro arcs() dc Filipinas. Est adios cconfw iCuN, ad ist rat i ros .// radii ico.v. Part(' er11111;»lica (Madrid. 18811; Jordaim y Morera. Hosanejo qa oanifif o r r0-111II ural del archipiOago Jiiipinu (ib., 1885) ; Montero y Vidal, El archi piclayo Jilipfnn y las Islas Marzaaas, Carolinas y Pahms I ib., 18811) id.. llistoria ycncral dc (Madrid,. 18S7-18951. perha ps the best !amend Meyer and Selmdenberg, Die Philippim n I Dresden. 1s:90-1:021 Zufi iga, Es/fa/ism° ./e /as islaN Vilipin (IS. ed. by !let ana (Madrid. 1s931. which has a bibliography; sa,a(m. cc,/,,,li:,/ridn dr (Malabon, 1897). The second group includes: Foreman, The Philippine /stands (2,1 ed.. London. I0)91, which gives an immen-e amount of information. and is the basis of several other works; Young husband. 7'he l'hilippincs and Bound 1:;991. a general nIsu116 of the history and political conditions; Lala. The Philippint Islands (New York, 1899), which gives the point of view of a progressive Filipino; Sawyer, The Inhab itants of rite Philippines (London, 1900), a his torical study of the elements that make up the population ofs . , the i lands• Buel, Wright, etc.,
Our Late Wars: Npain aml Our (Washington, 1900) ; Robinson, The Philippines: The War and the People York, 1901) ; Schuman, Philippine .1 //airs: .1 Retrospect and an Outlook (New York, 1902), an account of the proceedings of the first American Commission; r. S. Philippine ('ommission, to the President vols., Washington, 1900-1001) ; Blair and Robertson, Pliiiyeine Islands, 1.'0)4, an exhaustive work on the early history, compiled from original documents, to be in 55 vols. (Cleveland, Ohio, 1003 et seq). On special p.riods of the history, consult for conquest and first half century, A. de Morga, The Philippine Islands, trans., Iliikluyt Society (London, 1868) ; for the eighteenth century, Le (lentil, Voyage dans lcs niers de PI ad(' ( Paris, 1781). For the first half of the nineteenth century, Comyn, ilemoria sobre cl stud° de Filipinas (Madrid, 1820; Ma nila, 1877; trans. 1ft. Walton, London, 1821) ; Sinihahlo de Alas, Informs- sobre cl Estado de lass Islas Filipinas en (Madrid. 1842) ; Buzeta, and Bravo, Direionario grografico, estadistieo, historic° de his Islas Filipinas (Madrid, 1850) ; Bow ring, .1 Visit to the Philippine Islands ( Lon don, 1859). The novels of Josif Rizal, the Fili pino patriot, illustrate the social conditions prior to 1896. .Voii Tanyerc (Berlin, 1856) pears in English somewhat condensed in two edi tions—la Eagle Flight (New York, 1901), and Friars and Filipinos, trans. by Camiett (New York, 1902). it was translated into French as .Iu pays des llaines (Paris, 1899). Other works uu miscellaneous subjects are: Semper, Rcisen int .1 rrhipel der Philippinen (Leipzig, 1868-1901) ; Blumentritt. "Versuelf pilfer Ethnographic. der Phid ppi nen," in Pet erne(' ns Mit teilungen, zungsheft 67 (Gotha, 1882) ; Worcester, The Philippine Islands and Their People (New York, 18981; Stevens, Yesterdays in. liw Philippines (London ISM)) Tornow, "The Economic Condi tion of the Philippines," in .Vational Geographic vol. x.(Washington. 1899) ; Morris, Our Island Empire (Philadelphia, 1899) ; Tim Expedition to the Philippines (New York, 1899) ; Sonnichsen. Tcn Months it Captive Among Filipinos (New York, 1a01); and for bibliogra phy, Josephson, "Bibliographies of the Philippine Islands." Bulletin of Bibliography. vol. ii. (Bos ton, 1899). For the ethnology, consult: Blumen tritt. "List of the Native Tribes of the Philip pines, etc.," in Smithsonian Report (Washington, 1901) ; Meyer, "Die l'hilippinen," in Ethno graphisches Museum, viii. (Dresden, 1890) ; Brillion. "The Peoples of the Philippines," Amer man Anthropologist. vol. xi. (New York, 1898), which has a Stever and Sehmlen burg, ran Philippinen:Typen (Dresden, 1891) ; id., "Die PhiIippincn," and id., "Negri tos." Kiiniglieh-Ellolographischcs Museum zu Dresden (Dresden, 1893).