MODERN BRITISH PERIODICALS. From the be ginning of the eighteenth century new periodicals have appeared in these and in other countries in ever-increasing numbers and diversity. In Eng land, Daniel Defoe began in 1704 .1 ficricir of the Affair& of France and of All Europe, as In fluenced by That Nation, issued at first weekly. then twice, and later thrice a week. it came to an end, in its original form, in 1712, but was carried on in a new series, called simply The Reriew, until June, 1713. One feature of this review—the contributions of an imaginary 'Scan dal Club'—doubtless suggested the periodical es say which became important in the history of English literature. Of these essay-periodicals the most noted are The Tatler (17(19-1(1-11) writ ten chiefly by Steele and Addison; The Spectator (1710-11-14) of Addison. Steele, Iludgell, and others: The Rambler (1750-52) of Dr. Johnson. A French Protestant refugee, ;Michel de In Roche, a friend of Bayhe, started in 1710 the Jlcatoirs of Literature, a review, independent of foreign sources for its material, though modeled after French works of the kind, which he issued until the end of 1714. In 1725 he began another review. the New of Literature, \vi8eh lived for two years, and in 1730 A Literary Jour nal, a continuation of the Menzoir.s of Literature, which came to an end in about lu•If that time. A classical periodical, entitled Bibliotheca Litera ria. Being a Collection of Inscriptions, Medals, Dissertations, etc., was bronght out in 1722 by Samuel Jebb and ran through ten numbers, end ing in 1724. La Roche's work was taken up by Andrew Reid, who issued (1728-361 The Present State of the Republic* of Letters, a review of considerable merit: and by Archibald Bower, whose Ili.storia Literaria appeared monthly (1730-34). At this time (January. 1730-31) was published the first and one of the most fa mous. of English magazines, the tlentleman's Magazine, or Traders' Monthly Intelligence,' . . by Sylc-antis Urban, Gent., founded by the printer Edward Cave. His original plan, afterwards much widened, was that of a collec tion or 'magazine' the first use of the word in this sense) of the essays and news which ap peared in the London papers: the title was in other points suggested by \lotteux's periodical mentioned above. The magazine met with great
success—due chiefly to Cave's energy and prac tical (not literary) ability—its circulation ris ing within a few years to over ten thousand copies. In it, in 1732, was begun the 1,ublieation of Parliamentary debates. (of both 'Houses), under the—necessary—disguise of "P,eporSs of the De bates of the Senate of Lilliput:" Johnson was employed during several years in writing out (largely from his own imagination) the speeches reported, His association with Cave and the :Magazine is the chief title of both to fame. After Cave's death, in 1754. it was conducted by his brother-in-law, and later by .John Nichols and his son. In 1S68 it became a magazine of light literature. It soon had numerous imitators and rivals, the most successful of wide]] was the London Magazine (1732-81). established by lead ing London publishers. Among the most im portant of the other magazines established dur ing the eighteenth century are: The Scots Maga zine (1739-1S17, from that date to 1826, the Edinburgh Magazine); the Royal Magazine(1759 71) ; the Oxford Nagazine (1768-82) : the Euro pean Magazine (1782-1826) the Monthly Maga zine (1796-1843); and the Philosophical Maga zine (179S—). To return to reviews: the His tory of the Works of the Learned found a suc cessor in A Literary Journal (Dublin, 1741-49), the first review published in Ireland. The Mu seum, projected by the poet and bookseller Rob ert Dodsley, appeared in nirch, 1746. and was issued fortnightly until September, 1747. It was as much a magazine as a review, comprising besides notices of books, essays, mainly upon historic-al and social topics, by writers of repute, including Spence, Warburton, Horace Walpole, Akenside, and Campbell. From this time on the distinctive characteristics of the modern lit erary review became more and more prominent and before the end of the century were firmly established.