A notable advance in this direction was made in the Monthly Regime, founded by Ralph Grif fiths (1749) and conducted by him until his death in 1803. It included scientific and liter ary material as well as criticism, and among its writers (1757-5S) was Oliver Goldsmith. The Review was carried on after Griffiths's death by his son (until 1525) and others until 1S45. The Whig politics and non-conformity of Griffiths led to the founding of the Tory Critical Review (1756-1817) by Archibald Hamilton, to which Smollett, Johnson, and Robertson contributed; and this was followed by a number of others, in cluding The London Review (1775-80) ; A lecriew (1782-86) ; the Engliqt Reriew ( 1783 96 ) , combined in 1797 with the Analytical Review ( 17'8-991: The A ati jacobitt R,riew and. Magazine (1798-1821) ; and the High Church British Critic (1703-1813), begun by Nitres and Beloe. An epoch in the history of the English review was made by the establishment of the Edinburgh Review or Critical Journal— 'to be continued quarterly'—the first number of which appeared in October, 1802. it was de signed to be the organ not only of literary. but also of political t Whig) opinion, and was planned so broadly and edited so ably that it almost im mediately attained a position of amlowity which soon became, as Carlyle said, that of "a kind of Delphic oracle and voice of the inspired for great majorities of what is called the 'intelligent public.'" The first of the really great English reviews, it established a standard of reviewing which (though its literary criticism, especially in the early days. has often been inferior) its rivals during the century and more of its ex istence have not been able to surpass. In it the English review became for the first time a really potent influence in the formation of literary taste and the shaping of political views. Its original projector was Sydney Smith, and he also edited the first number: with the second the editorship Was transferred to Francis Jeffrey ( later Lord Jeffrey), who retained it until 129. when he resigned on his election as Dean of the Faculty of Advocates. Among the other earlier contribu tors were Brougham. who determined its political opinions. Scott (during the first few years). Carlyle, Hazlitt, and (from 1825) whose influence upon its character was probably second only to that of .h.triTy. After Jeffrey's retirement the editorship was held suc cessively by Alacvey Napier (1829-47), William Empson (-1852). tworge Comma)! Lewis ( Henry BueNe (-1895), and Arthur S. Elliot (1895-). In 1902 the Reriew cel ebrated its centennial.
The great success and rapidly growing of this champion of Whiggism caused the Tories to bestir themselves, and in February, 18119, appeared the first number of The Quarterly Peri( ir, which :gum attained ft position hardly second to that of its great rival. Its first editor was NVilliam Gifford. and among its first con tributors were Seott, Southey, Dr. Young,, Can ning. John Wilson Croker, and Helier. Gifford resigned in 1824, and was succeeded by John Taylor Coleridge, who gave place in 1826 to John Gibson Lockhart, who retained the editorial con trol of the Review until 1853; he was followed by \Vhitwell Elwin (-1860), NVilliam Macpherson (-1867 ) , Sir 'William Smith (-1893). Rowland Prothero (1894-99), and
George \V. Prother.) (1899-). The Westminster Kerbs (styled from 1336, when it wits combined with the London Reriew, until 1851 the London and Westminster Rericw) was founded in 1821 to promulgate the views of the Utilitarians. Ben tham and the Mills. The great quarterlies above mentioned were partisan in their origin and in their principles of editorial management: they were designed to promulgate definite views, lit erary and political, with which the opinions of their contributors must be in harmony; their articles were accordingly anonymous (thought the Westminster has not been consistent in the mat ter). This policy was abandoned by the Fort nightly Rericie, established in 1865 (issued monthly from 18116), which was designed to allow the frvi-4 of individual opinion with individual responsibility. Its first editor was George Henry Lewes, who was followed in I S67 by John :Morley, who resigned in 1882. _Among its early supporters were Ilagehot, George Eliot, Sir John Herschel, Mill, Huxley, and Spencer.
The policy of the Fortnightly in these particulars has been followed by other monthly reviews-the Cm/temporary Rerimr, established in 18611, the Nineteenth century in 1877, and the National Rc riew in 1883.
Weekly journals dealing wholly or partly with literature, science, and art have existed by the side of the quarterlies and monthlies, among them The Examily r (1SOS-81), 71,e Literary Gazette ( 1517-62), Th. Athena am (1325-), The Spy...talon (182S-), The Saturday ileriew (1855 -), The Academy (1869-), and The Speaker (189(1- ).
thirdly less notable than the development of the review during the nineteenth century was that of the magazine. The ,New Monthly Maga (1814) numbered Campbell, l'heodore Hook, and Billwer Lytton among its editors. A bril liant production was BlarkwomPs Edinburgh Magazine (1817-1. which ''created a sensation unparalleled in magazine history." due to the wit and audacity of its anonynams contributors, among xvhom were Lockhart. lb)gg. Scott, and John Wilson, the editor. Its most important feature, in those early days, was the famous ''in which the leading eon triontors discoursed with irresponsible wit and Ineisiveness 111,011 the hook,, the people, and the events of importance in their Fraser's Maga:hie (1830-82. when it bee:line Longman's Magazine) is associated with the names of Car Lyle and Thackcray. Others of note are The British Maga:ine (1832-49). 7'he Dublin Cnirer sity Magazine (1833-), Tuit's Edtnburgh Maga zine ), Bentley's M iscefla ( 1S37-68 ) , Votes and Queries (1849-), Macmillan's Maga zine (1859-), The Cornbill Magazine (1860-), ,s'aint James Magazine (18(11-), The Eng lish, Illustrated Magazine ( 1883-), Cassell's Magazine (1877-), Temple Bar (1860-), Re rime of Rerietrs (1890-), The Strand Magazine ( 1391 ) , and The Pall Mall Magazine (1893-). These are only a selection front a long list.