An entirely different group of industries, less dependent upon the material resources of the State, is the manufacture of textiles, in which the State takes second rank. Philadelphia, the principal seat of the industry, is the largest tex tile centre in the country. In 1900 the silk product amounted to 29 per cent. of the total for the United and the State was exceeded only by New Jersey. In recent years the opera tions are confined largely to 'throwing.' the thrown silk being sent to other States to be woven into cloth. Pennsylvania ranks second in the manufacture of woolen goods and hosiery. Both industries were begun at an early period. the former having been introduced by the English and the latter by the German settlers. A lower rank is held in the manufacture of worsteds and cottons. In 1900 Pennsylvania manufactured 48 per cent. of the total carpet product of the United States. 'More ingrain carpets are probably made in Philadelphia than in any other city in the world.
The agricultural resources supply materials for the flour and grist milling, slaughtering, and butter-making industries, and the manufacture of liquor and tobacco products. Prior to the Whisky Rebellion in western Pennsylvania large quantities of distilled liquors were made in that part of the State. but more recently the product is mainly malt liquors, in the output of which the State took second rank in 1900. • The tobacco
products are mainly cigars and cigarettes, the State ranking second also in this industry. The large tanning business, in which Pennsylvania stands first, with 27.3 per cent. of the total product for the United States, is due to the large quantities of hemlock bark attainable from the large forests of this tree. The manufacture of glass is a long established industry. The utiliza tion of natural gas in the western part of the State gave great impetus to its manufacture. In 1000 the product amounted to 38.9 per cent. of the total for the country. The resources of petroleum have given the State first rank in the refining of oil. Pennsylvania has always held an important rank in the printing and publishing business. Other important industries are sugar and molasses refining. and the manufacture of chemicals. The preceding table shows the rela tive importance of the leading industries. It will be seen that the per cent, of increase for the value of products is more than twice as great as the per cent, of increase for the number of es tablishments. Among the industries showing the greatest tendency toward centralization are those connected with the production of iron and steel, coke, and leather.