ETHNOLOGY. The Portuguese are the longest headed people in Europe (cranial index. 75-77). In stature they are below the average m. or 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet inches in the south and an inch taller in the north). Blond hair is practically absent. Black hair is pos sessed by one-fifth of the population; in the re mainder the hair is very dark. Portugal was engaged in the slave trade for nearly four cen turies. During that period many thousands of Afriean and Brazilian negroes finally settled in the provinces of Algarve and Extremadura, and a large mulatto contingent in the population is the result. Stone Age relics are common in Portugal, and there have even been discovered seeming indi cations of human occupation in the Tertiary Age. Megalithic monuments are also common. occurring in the shape of dolmens, from which the tunmlary envelope has been removed. In the smaller ones the crypt is made up of four large dressed stones, covered by a fifth ; in the more elaborate the chamber is larger. round or irregu lar in outline, and approached through an avenue. In them along with the dead are found imple ments of chipped and polished stone, weapons and ornaments, turquoise beads, etc. The most in
teresting remains of the classical epoch are the so-called citanias, hill cities or forts. Two of them crowning the summits of low mountains in the northwest corner of Portugal have been care fully explored. A long wide street is lined on each side with ruins of stone houses. The walls are built of large, irregular blocks well adjusted. the interiors being revetted with smaller stones. The foundations are round and are hunt up in spiral. A thatched roof, doubtless, was sustained by a central pillar of wood, the stone support of which is to be seen in many ground plans. On both sides of the door and along the wall are the remains of a penthouse sustained by six pillars. f which the stone bases yet remain. Pottery and glassware abound in them. Flagstones are cov ered with sculptures and the walls are decorated with circles, coils, and frets. The latest coin found in any of them was of Constantine I. (306 33;). Inscriptions on some of the houses are in Roman letters.