FRANZ JOSEF LAND. Two Austrians, C. Wey precht and J. Paver, opened this route while exploring the Barents Sea. Their ship, Tegetthof, beset in 76° 22' N., 63° E., drifted northward for a year, and in August, 1873. they saw the south shores of Franz Josef Land, where the ship was abandoned in SO' N. (1874), the party reaching Nova Zembla by boat. Payer by sledge journeys explored many of the islands of Franz Josef Land, and reached Cape Fligely, N., 55° E. English explorers followed, and in two voyages (18SO and 1881) Leigh Smith covered the coast from 54° E., Payer's westerly point, to 42' E., and while wintering at Cape Mora, owing to the loss of his ship, the Rim, discovered rich fauna and flora. F. G. Jackson (1894-97) established his base at Cape Flora and made ex tensive explorations between 42° E. and 56° E. and to 81' 20' N. Jackson rounded Alexandra Land and concinsively proved that Franz Josef Laud is composed of numerous islands of limited area. It may here be added that the discoveries
of White Island (2000 feet high) by Kjeldsen (1S76) and New Iceland (also a frowning. high land mass) by Johannesen (1887) indicate that Franz Josef is merely an extension of the great Spitzbergen Archipelago. W. Wellman, an Amer ican. unsuccessful in Spitzbergen in 1894, re newed his efforts to reach the Pole in 1898 by way of Franz Josef Land, when E. B. Baldwin, discovering Graham Bell Land, extended the archipelago to 65° E. The Duke of the' Abruzzi (1899) reached, in the Stella Polore, 82° 4' N., northeast of Rudolph Island, and wintered in Teplitz Bay, S1 ° 47' N. He explored Austria Sound, while his assistant, Captain C'agni, start ing for the Pole, reached 86° :34' N., 64° E., the most northerly point attained by man, and 236 statute miles from the Pole.