Portugal had for several generations been un der an absolute form of government, the control ling springs of which were the Court and the priesthood. The transfer of the seat of govern ment to Brazil was a humiliation to the Portu guese, and aroused a spirit of discontent which made them especially susceptible to the revolu tionary influences then alive in Europe. In 1820 the army fook the lead in a revolution designed to bring in a constitutional government. King John returned to Portugal, leaving his son Dom Pedro as in Brazil, with tions to retain that country for the House of Braganza, even at the cost of separation from Portugal. The revolutionists at home insisted upon Brazil in the new ments and produced a revolt in the latter try. This movement Dom Pedro, loyal to the interests of Brazil, headed, and in 1822 Brazil asserted its independence and the Prince Regent declared himself constitutional Emperor. Mean while in Portugal the Brazilian movement caused a reactionary revolt toward absolutism, headed by the King's younger son. Miguel (q.v.), who had been invested with the command of the army. The revolt was put down with British assistance in 1824. Upon the death of King John in 1826 his son, Pedro, Emperor of Brazil. who succeeded to the crown of Portugal, promulgated a constitu tion, providing for a bicameral legislature, with an hereditary House of Peers and an elective House of Deputies, its legislative powers being subject to the King's sanction. The fundamental liber ties of citizens were guaranteed, and other reli gions than the Catholic were to be tolerated. Pedro then resigned his right to the crown in favor of his seven-year-old daughter, Maria da Gloria. who, when of age, was to marry her uncle, Miguel. The latter was made Regent in July, 1827. and in this Pedro. who was an unselfish patriot hut not a politician, made his great mis take. The Regent at once took measures in de fiance of the Constitution to restore the ancient forms of government. He proclaimed himself King ir. 1828. sought to reconcile the interests of the conflicting political parties, and at the same time place the monarchy on its old basis. In this he was supported by the Absolutists, re cruited from the army and the clergy. In 1832 Dom Pedro. who in the preceding year had been forced to abdicate the throne of Brazil, pro ceeded to uphold the rights of his daughter by force of arms. He placed himself at the head of an expeditionary force, which had been col lected by the opponents of Dom Miguel at the island of Terceira, Azores, and in July he was welcomed as a deliverer at Oporto, the Liberal stronghold. A stubborn struggle ensued. In July, 1833, the fleet of Dom Pedro, commanded by Sir Charles Napier. vanquished the Mignelist fleet off Cape Saint Vincent, and a few weeks later Lisbon capitulated to Dom Pedro. who pro claimed himself Regent for Dona Maria. Pedro was aided by the intervention of Spanish arms, backed by the influence of the short-lived Quad ruple Alliance (England, France, Spain, Portu gal). By the agreement of Evora, in 1834, Miguel pledged himself to a renunciation of all claims to the crown and to perpetual exile from the kingdom. Pedro died September 24, 1834, when Queen Maria was but fifteen years of age. Her reign was a troublous one. Neither rulers nor people knew how to carry on a parlia mentary government. The fall of Miguel put an end to the Absolutist Party, and the political division that took the place of the old was that between Chartists and Liberals, the former up holding the existing Constitution. the latter seek ing to restore the Constitution of 1822, which rep resented popular sovereignty. The later political history of the country has been that of a series of progressive movements originating in the prin cipal cities and combated, usually with success, by the conservative element. A military revolt
in September. 1S36, forced the Queen to restore the Constitution of 1822, and gave their name to the Septembrists, who thereupon formed the Con stitution of 1838, modeled upon that of 1822. Another military revolt restored the Chartists to power in 1842. and they governed the country un der the leadership of Costa Cabral (q.v.) until in 1852 a new party known as the Regenerators, composed of Septembrists and Chartist seceders, came into power under Saldanha, and established direct suffrage. The Queen died November 15, 1853, leaving her husband, Prince Ferdinand of Coburg, as Regent during the minority of their son, Pedro V. The latter died November 11, 1861, having refused to flee from the cholera-stricken city of Lisbon. Ferdinand continued as Regent for the next heir, Luiz (1861-89). The autocratic methods of Saldanha split his party and finally resulted in 1877 in constituting the Progressist Party out of the more radical members of the old Liberal parties. A Republican Payty came into existence in 1881 and has since been carrying on a more or less active propaganda, which was stimu lated in 1S89 by the success of the republican revolution in Brazil. The continued excess of ex penditures over receipts and the consequent in crease of the public debt has imposed a severe responsibility upon the Government and forms its most difficult problem. King Luiz died October 9, 1889, and was succeeded by his elder son, Carlos. See CHARLES 1. See POLITICAL PARTIES, section on Portugal.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Aldama-Ayala, Compendio Bibliography. Aldama-Ayala, Compendio gcografieo-cstadistico de Portugal y sus poscsioncs ultramarinas 1880) ; La Teillais, Etude historigue, economiguc et politigue sur les colonies portuguiscs, leur passe, leur arenir (Paris, 1872) ; Crawfurd. Portugal, Old and New (London, 1880) ; Andrade Corvo. Estudos sohrc as pro rincias ultramarinas (Lisbon, 1883-87) ; Oliveira Martins, Portugal contemporane (Lisbon, 1883) ; Crawfurd, Round the Calendar in Portugal (Lon don, 1890) ; Tavares de Medeiros, This Stoats recht des Konigreicbs Portugal (Freiburg, 1S92) ; Salisbury. Portugal and Its People (London, 1893) ; Da Silva, Diecionorio bibliographic° por tuguez (9 vols., Lisbon, 1858-70) Alines de bibliographiea portugueza (Oporto, 1889).
For ethnology, consult: Ribiero, Estudos pre historieos en Portugal (Lisbon, 1S7S-80) ; Her bert, Portugal and Galicia (London, 1848) ; Car tailhac. Les ages prehistorigues dc l'Espagne et du Portugal (Paris, ISSG).
For history, consult : F. d'Urban and J. F. Mielle, Histoire gf'nerale de Portugal (9 vols., Paris, 1829), based on a work with the same title by Lacle'de (2 vols., Paris, 1735) ; E. A. de Betten court, Descobrimentos, guerras, c conquistas dos Portuguezes cm terms do ultrantar nos seeulos AT. e XV./. (Lisbon. MI, 1882) ; M. T. Alves Nogueira, Erolurdcs da cirilisuedo ent Portugal (Paris. 1893). Dunham. History of Spain and Portugal (5 vols., Philadelphia, 1832) ; Mac Murdo and Monteiro, History of Portugal (Lon don. 1SSS) ; Morse Stephens. Portugal, "Story of the Nations Series" (London. 1890) ; Schiir, Gcsehiehte eon. Portugal (5 vols., hamburg, 1836-54) ; Latino Coelho, Historia politica c militar de Portugal (Lisbon, 1874-96) ; Oliveira Martins, Historic do Portugal (4th ed., Lisbon, 1880) ; Zimmermann, Die Kolonialpolitik Par tugals Spaniens (Berlin, 1896) ; Pin heiro Chagas, Historia de Portugal IS vols., Lis bon, 18i7); Seignohos, Histoirc politique de l'Europe contempuraine (London, 1900).