HISTORY. What later became Portugal was inhabited in prehistoric times by a branch of the Celtiberian race, made up of the native Iberian stock of the peninsula and the immigrant Celts. Greek colonies were planted at the mouths of the three rivers, the Tagus. the Douro, and the Minho —the name of Lisbon being derived from the an cient Greek Olisipo. The Carthaginian influence was weaker in this part of the peninsula than in the eastern. The Roman conquest was begun in B.C. 189 and was gradually completed in the two generations following, though with much diffi culty, Viriathus (q.v.). the leader of the Lusitani in their revolt (e.153-I40 n.c.), proving a formi dable adversary. The Roman province of Lusi tania under the Empire contained most of the territory of modern Portugal south of the Douro. In the fifth century Roman control in the penin sula gave way to that of the Visigoths without especially affecting this remote corner. It was included in the area of Mohammedan conquest in the eighth century. In 997 the territory between the Douro and the Minho was taken from the Arab-Moors by Bermudez, Kin!! of Galicia, and in 1064 the reconquest was completed as far south as Coimbra by King Ferdinand the Great of Castile and Leon. The reconquered districts were organ ized as counties, feudal appanages of Galicia. From the northern county, the Comitatus Portu enlensis, extending about the Roman Port us Cale (the modern OportO), the new nation finally took its name. In the division of Ferdinand's realm Galicia with Oporto and Coimbra went to his third son, Garcia, hut the eldest son. Alfonso VI. of Leon. forcibly united all the family possessions in 1073. The new Mohammedan attack under the Almoravides (q.v.) put Alfonso on the defensive. Among those who came to his assistance was Count Henry of Burgundy. who married Theresa. an ille gitimate daughter of Alfonso. and received Coim bra and Oporto. with the title of Count of Portu gal (1095). During the internecine wars before and after the death of Alfonso in 1109 the Portu guese began to develop a national spirit and to distinguish themselves from the hitherto dominant Galicians. This was espicially true after the death
of Count Henry in 1112, when his wife devoted herself to upbuilding an independent kingdom for their infant son. The latter. Alfonso I.. assumed the government in 1128 and fought valiantly against the Moors, over whom he won a splendid victory at Ourique in 1139. This was followed by his as sumption of the kingly title and long wars neces sitated by the attempts of Castile to subdue his dominions. Alfonso took Lisbon from the Moors in 1147 and made it his capital. He died in 1185, after a long and brilliant reign. His son and successor, Sancho I. (11S5-1211), gained from the gratitude of a prosperous country the title of the Founder.' Alfonso II. (1211-23) followed rancho's wise policy. but came into conflict with the Papacy, which culminated in the King': ex communication and an interdict laid upon the kingdom. His son Sancho II. (1223.45) was also excommunicated, the country being put under an interdict, and was finally deposed by Pope Inno cent IV. He died in 1248. His brother. Alfonso III. was on better terms with the clergy and also proved to be a capable ruler. The country had now reached its utmost European limits, and its course had been steadily progressive, except for the unfortunate years of struggle with the Church. The long reign of Denis or Diniz (1279-1325), the son of Alfonso Ia, was a period of progress and development hardly equaled at that time in Europe. Under him Portugal entered on that course of commercial enterprise which was the source of all the country's wealth and greatness. In 1290 he founded the University of Lisbon (transferred to Coimbra in ]30S). His son Alfonso IV. (1325-57) was compelled to de fend his kingdom against Castilian and Moslem. Alfonso's son Pedro (1357-67) was succeeded by his son Ferdinand (1367-83), the last male in the legitimate line.